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BMSc > biomechanics module 4 - sem1 > Flashcards

biomechanics module 4 - sem1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 articulations of the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral
acromio-clavicular
sterno-clavicular
scapulo-thoracic

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2
Q

what is the shallow depression in which the humeral head rests in

A

glenoid fossa

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3
Q

what muscles form the rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor

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4
Q

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

A

ball and socket synovial

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5
Q

what makes up the glenohumeral joint

A

glenoid fossa
humeral head

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6
Q

what makes up the acromioclavicular joint

A

proximal acromion of the scapula and distal clavicle

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7
Q

what stabilizes the acromiovlacicular joint

A

superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

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8
Q

what restricts the range of motion of the acromioclavicular joint

A

thorax and muscle attachments

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9
Q

what is the sternoclavicular joint

A

small synovial joint between the manubrim of the sternum and proximal clavicle

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10
Q

what is the only bony joint connecting the shoulder girdle to the trunk

A

the sternoclavicular joint

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11
Q

During elevation and depression the clavicle rotates about an axis determined by the attachment of the…

A

costoclavicular ligament

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12
Q

what is the scapulothoracic articulation

A

bone-muscle-bone articulation between the scapula and the posterior thoracic wall

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13
Q

why is the scapulothoracic articulation not a joint in it’s true sense

A

The scapulothoracic articulation is not a joint in the truest sense in that there are no direct bony or ligamentous connections between the scapula and the thorax.

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14
Q

what ligament is attached to the clavicle and rotates during elevation and depression

A

costoclavicular ligament

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15
Q

what muscles separate the posterior thorax from the anterior surface of the scapula

A

the serratus anterior and subscapularis muscles

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16
Q

what is the range of shoulder flexion / extension

A

180 degrees

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17
Q

range of abduction-adduction

A

255

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18
Q

range of internal-external rotation

A

180

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19
Q

range of horizontal flexion - extension

A

180

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20
Q

where is the most common shoulder dislocation

A

anterior dislocation of the glenuhumeral articulation

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21
Q

what forms the elbow

A

distal humerus, proximal articular surfaces of the forearm - radius and ulna

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22
Q

what are the 3 articulations of the elbow joint

A

humeroradial articulation,
humeroulnar articulation
proximal radioulnar articulation

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23
Q

where is the axis of rotation of the elbow joint

A

middle of the trochlea
roughly parallel to the line joining the lateral and medial epicondyles

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24
Q

range of flexion and extension

A

140

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25
range of pronation - supination
150
26
what is pronation
palms face posterior
27
what allows for rotation of the forearm about its longitudinal axis
proximal radioulnar articulation
28
what is the term for rotation of the forearm about its longitudinal axis
pronation and supination
29
what aids stability of the elbow
two collateral ligaments ulnar / medial ligament is most significant, preventing abduction of the elbow
30
what does the lateral collateral ligament prevent
adduction
31
which ligament will prevent an elbow from dislocating when falling on an outstretched hand
the lateral collateral ligament
32
what forms the wrist
distal radius, ulnocarpal space, carpal bones and proximal ends of metacarpals
33
main motions of the wrist
flexion - extension abduction and adduction
34
where does most wrist extension occur
radiocarpal joint
35
what bones are in the proximal row of the wrist
triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid
36
what is the distal row made up of
hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
37
what is the 8th carpal bone
pisiform
38
position of the pisiform bone
anterior to the triquetrum
39
what is the only carpal bone that is easily palpated, projects anteriorly and has a small rounded elevation
pisiform bone
40
what inserts at the pisiform bone
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
41
function of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
flexes and adducts the wrist
42
where is the stability of the wrist derived from
intricate ligamentous structures
43
what increases the level arm of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
pisiform bone
44
what is the most freely moving carpometacarpal
the first carpometacarpal joint, base of the thumb
45
where are the principle muscles that control the movements of the digits located
in the forearm
46
what are the principle motions of the wrist
flexion-extension and abduction-adduction
47
where does most wrist extension occur
at the radiocarpal joint
48
how does the flexion decrease in the metacarpophlangeal joints
The maximum amount of flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints generally decreases from the fifth to the second joint. At the fifth joint (little finger) it is around 95 to 10
49
what are the 5 regions of the spine called
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx.
50
what 2 vertebrae differ in structure from the other cervical vertebrae
atlas (C1) axis (C2)
51
describe the structure of the unfused vertebrae
flat, rounded body placed anteriorly and centrally --> vertebral body neural arch, which forms the spinal foramen through which the spinal cord passes spinous process projecting inferiorly in the posterior mid-line and two transverse processes projecting laterally
52
function of spinous processes
provide anchorage sites for the ligaments and muscles which stabilize and move the spine
53
where is the main articulation at the vertebral body
intervertebral disc facet joints
54
what makes up the intervertebral disc
inner nucleus pulposis outer annulus fibrosis
55
function of the intervertebral disc
dual role of bearing and distributing loads resisting excessive motion
56
is the nucleus pulposis hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophilic - water loving
57
what is the significance of the high nucleus pulposus pressure
balances the applied compressive stress
58
what is the annulus fibrosis comprised of
collagen fibres forming lamallae , alternating directions to resist high bending and torsional loads
59
what vertebrae is the most mobile
cervical, C1-C7
60
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
61
what are the thoracic vertebrae attached to
each is attached to a pair of ribs rib articulates with the transverse process of it's corresponding thoracic vertebrae
62
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5 lumbar vertebrae is subject to significantly greater loads than the rest of the vertebrae in the spine
63
what forms the distal portion of the spine
saccrum and coccyx
64
what does the sacrum link
forms link between the lumbar spine and the pelvic girdle
65
which region is extension - flexion greatest in
the cervical spine 21 degrees
66
which region has the smallest flexion - extension
thoracic spine 3 degrees
67
which area of the spine carries the largest load
lumbar spine
68
what increases the load on the lower spine
increasing moment arm produced by the weight of the object being lifted

BMSc (4 decks)

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