Biomechanics Principles

Question 1

How many types of motion are there ?

Answer 1

3

Question 2

List all types of motion.

Answer 2

Linear motion

Angular motion

General motion

Question 3

Define linear motion.

Answer 3

This occur when all parts of a body move in the same direction, at the same speed, along a straight or curved line

Question 4

Define angular motion

Answer 4

Occur when a body or body part of a body moves in a circular path around a fixed point(axis of rotation)

Question 5

Define general motion

Answer 5

The combination of linear and angular motion( the most common type of motion in sport)

Question 6

Give a sporting example of linear motion

Answer 6

A sprinter running 100m in a straight line

Question 7

Give a sporting example of a angular motion

Answer 7

A footballer kicking a ball where the leg rotates around the hip

Question 8

Give a sporting example of general motion

Answer 8

A cyclist moving forward(linear motion) while their legs rotates around around the pedals(angular motion)

Question 9

How many laws of motion are there ?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

Who created the law of motion ?

Answer 10

Sir Issac newton

Question 11

List all the names for the law(s) of motion

Answer 11

1st- law of intertia

2nd- law of acceleration

3rd- law of action and reaction

Question 12

What is the law of inertia(1st law)

Answer 12

A body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.”

This means an object will stay still or keep moving at the same speed and direction unless something changes it.

Question 13

Define inertia

Answer 13

Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion. An object will remain at rest or continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.

Question 14

What is the law of acceleration(2nd)

Answer 14

The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to its mass.

The greater the force applied to an object, the greater its acceleration, but heavier objects require more force to accelerate.

Question 15

What is the equation for Newton’s second law ?

Answer 15

FORCE(F)= MASS(M) X ACCELERATION(A)

F=ma

Question 16

What is the law of action and reaction(3rd)

Answer 16

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

When a force is applied to an object, the object applies an equal force in the opposite direction.

Question 17

Give a sporting example of the Newton’s first law.

Answer 17

A winger will continue to run at a constant velocity in a straight line to cross the ball unless tackled by an external force e.g defender

Question 18

Give a sporting example of newtons 2nd law.

Answer 18

sprinter applies more force to the ground to increase their acceleration at the start of a race.

Question 19

Give a sporting example for Newton’s third law.

Answer 19

A swimmer pushes against the wall during a tumble turn, and the wall pushes back, propelling them forward.

Question 20

Define “force”

Answer 20

A force is a push or pull that alters or tends to alter the state of motion of a body

Question 21

How many ways can force impact the body

Answer 21

4 different ways to

Question 22

What are the ways in which a force can cause a body to change?

Answer 22

Change direction- lateral/opposite movement to return a tennis shot

Accelerate- a sprint start, pushing off from the blocks

decelerate- slowing down at the bottom of a ski slope

Changing objects shape- jumping on a trampolines or pressing on a spring

Question 23

What are the two types of forces ?

Answer 23

Internal forces

external forces

Question 24

How many types of external forces are there ?

Answer 24

5

Question 25

List all types of external forces.

Answer 25

Gravity Friction Air resistance Water resistance Reaction force( ground reaction force) Elastic forces

Question 26

Define momentum

Answer 26

Quantity of a motion- the product of mass and velocity

Question 27

Define Velocity

Answer 27

The speed at which something is moving in a given direction

Question 28

Define impulse

Answer 28

The product of force and the time taken to apply force

Question 29

How do you calculate impulse

Answer 29

Force x time

Question 30

How do you calculate momentum ?

Answer 30

Mass x velocity

Question 31

How do you calculate velocity ?

Answer 31

Displacement ÷ time

Question 32

What is

Question 33

What is net impulse?

Answer 33

Net impulse is the overall change in momentum of an object. It takes into account both positive and negative impulse

Question 34

How do you Calculate net impulse ?

Answer 34

Total negative impulse - total positive impulse

Question 35

How many types of impulse is there ?

Answer 35

3

Question 36

List all types of impulse

Answer 36

Positive Neutral Negative

Question 37

When does positive impulse occur ?

Answer 37

This occurs when a force is applied in the same direction as the motion of an objects increasing its velocity E,g a sprinter pushing out the blocks applies a forwards force

Question 38

When does a negative impulse occur ?

Answer 38

This occurs when force applied in the opposite direction to the motion of an object- decreasing its velocity, slowing it down For example- a long jumper landings in the sand Experinces a braking force from the ground(acting oppositely) reducing their momentum

Question 39

What are the 3 ways a performer can increase impulse

Answer 39

1 increasing the force applied- applying a greater force results in a larger change in momentum 2 increasing the time the force is applied- extending the duration over which force is applied also increase impulse 3. Combining both force and time- the most effective way to increase impulse is to apply a greater force for a longer time.

Question 40

How does impulse change momentum

Answer 40

The larger the force or the longer it acts, the more momentum changes

Question 41

Define stability

Answer 41

The ability of a body to return to a equilibrium after being displaced

Question 42

Define centre of mass

Answer 42

The point at which the body is balanced in all directions

Question 43

What is the line of gravity

Answer 43

An imaginary line which passes vertically from the centre of gravity to the ground below an object.

Question 44

How does a wider base of support help an athlete ?

Answer 44

A wider base of support means an athlete can keep their centre of mass over the base of the support much more easier.

Question 45

How do you calculate balance ?

Answer 45

CENTRE OF GRAVITY over BASE OF SUPPORT

Question 46

How many types of equilibrium is there ?

Answer 46

3

Question 47

List all types of equilibrium

Answer 47

Stable Unstable Neutral

Question 48

List all factors affecting stability

Answer 48

Mass of an object Size of base of support Number of points of contact Height of centre of mass

Question 49

List the 3 components that levers consist off

Answer 49

Fulcrum Effort Load

Question 50

What is the rhyme that helps with remembering levers

Answer 50

1 2 3 F L E

Question 51

Define the fulcrum

Answer 51

the fixed point or pivot- the point at which a lever rotates around

Question 52

Define effort(levers)

Answer 52

point where the force/effort is applied (provided by muscle contraction)

Question 53

Define load

Answer 53

point where the weight/ resistance is coming from(e.g physical object like a dumbbell or basketball)

Question 54

Relate the fulcrum and load to the human body

Answer 54

Bones act as levers Joints act as fulcrums Effort is provided by the muscles

Question 55

What are the main functions of levers

Answer 55

Increase speed and range of motion Generate maximal force against a given load/ resistance

Question 56

Explain where the fulcrum is located in first class lever systems

Answer 56

The fulcrum is in the middle and the effort and load are applied at other ends- Picture it like a sea saw The load and effort are interchangeable in the first class lever system(doesn’t matter which side they are on)

Question 57

Give an example of a first class lever

Answer 57

Elbow extension

Question 58

Where is the load, effort and fulcrum located for second class lever system ?

Answer 58

Load is in the middle Fulcrum is on the left Effort is on the right

Question 59

Where is the only second class lever located ?

Answer 59

The ankle joint

Question 60

What is a mechanical advantage

Answer 60

This is where the body can lift heavy loads with little effort, however has a small range of movement and is very slow.

Question 61

What is a mechanical disadvantage ?

Answer 61

A mechanical disadvantage is being able to have a large range of movement but not able to lift heavy loads, this means that the athlete is able to move at fast speeds.