BIOMED Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
treatment for edema
A
protein, vitamin B
2
Q
what is torticolis?
A
a condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side, often associated w/ painful muscle spasms
3
Q
which hepatitis viruses can cause liver cirrhosis?
A
B and C
4
Q
the urethra in men runs through the
A
prostate gland
5
Q
the olfactory nerve innervates the
A
olfactory lobe of the brain
cranial nerve I
6
Q
B cells are part of the _______ immune system
A
adaptive
7
Q
what is the mechanism of a sprained ankle?
A
ankle rolls outward, foot rolls inward (inversion)
8
Q
what does the T10 nerve supply?
A
kidneys
9
Q
kidneys convert vitamin D to
A
calcitrol (which is needed for adequate absorption from small intestine)
10
Q
how to determine due date of pregnant woman
A
280 days or 40 weeks from the first day of her last period
11
Q
pain climbing up the esophagus, not relieved by eating, pain occurring 1-2 hours after eating, vomiting blood
A
symptoms of gastric ulcer
12
Q
where do most tears in the rotator cuff occur?
A
supraspinatus muscle and tendon
13
Q
cough that does not go away or gets worse, chest pain that is worse w/ deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, hoarseness, weight loss, loss of appetite, coughing blood or rust-coloured sputum, shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak
A
symptoms of lung cancer
14
Q
gnawing burning hunger in stomach b/w meals, feeling of fullness, bloody or tarry stools, weight loss, chest pain
A
symptoms of peptic ulcer
15
Q
what is the cause of a degenerative tear of the rotator cuff?
A
wearing down of the tendon that occurs slowly over time;
more common in dominant arm
16
Q
what are the muscles of the posterior rotator cuff?
A
supraspinatus muscle, teres minor muscle, infraspinatus muscle
17
Q
true or false: triglycerides are a type of cholesterol
A
false; but they are a type of fat found in the blood
18
Q
what would you find in a blood test of a person diagnosed with Hep B?
A
antigen
19
Q
several organs and tissues that are not exclusively endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete hormones
A
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, placenta
20
Q
high triglycerides are associated with
A
excess weight, excess alcohol consumption, diabetes
21
Q
what do the sacral nerves supply?
A
hip bones, buttocks
22
Q
what is the cause of scrofula?
A
TB, infection of lymph nodes of neck
23
Q
what is piriformis syndrome?
A
inflammation or spasm of the piriformis muscle, causing compression of the sciatic nerve
24
Q
what does the T4 nerve supply?
A
gall bladder
25
what does the C6 nerve supply?
neck muscles, shoulders, tonsils
26
the optic nerve innervates the
diencephalon
| cranial nerve II
27
RA of the knee will cause
permanent joint damage
28
what are the most common symptoms of a rotator cuff tear?
pain at rest and at night, esp. when lying on affected shoulder, pain when lifting or lowering arm w/ specific movements, weakness when lifting or rotating arm, crepitus or crackling sensation when moving shoulder in certain positions
29
the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the
lower jaw bone
30
temperature from high to low
rectum, mouth, armpit
31
what is the largest bone in the body?
femur
32
which type of diabetes is always treated with insulin?
type 1
33
highest body temperature of the day
between 1-6 p.m.
34
referred pain in umbilical region of abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain moving to right lower quadrant, pressure rebounding pain, worsening of pain on examination when hand is placed firmly on abdomen and suddenly removed, pain on percussion, rigidity, guarding
symptoms of acute appendicitis
35
the "dub" sound (S2) made by the heart is caused by
the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves, marking the end of systole
36
what does the T6 nerve supply?
stomach
37
calculation for body fluid weight
body weight in kg x 60%
ex. 60kg x 60% = 36 kg of body fluid
38
what does the L4 nerve supply?
prostate gland, lower back
39
the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the
pharynx, tongue, salivary gland
| cranial nerve IX
40
RBCs are also called
erythrocytes
41
what is calcaneodynia?
heel pain due to a bone spur on the back of the heel at the insertion of the achilles tendon
42
common cause of breast tumors (TCM)
blocked qi in LV meridian
43
what is the cause of endemic simple goitre?
lack of iodine
44
what is the function of bile?
to break down fat
45
what are causes of a torn meniscus?
falling, twisting knee
46
what is the narrowest part of the trachea in adults?
the Rima Glottidis
47
which vein does NOT contain deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein;
| also umbilical
48
what does the L3 nerve supply?
sex organs, uterus, bladder, knees
49
the time period elapsing b/w the first heart sound an the second heart sound defines
systole (ventricular ejection)
50
the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the
eyes (around ST 2)
51
the spinal accessory nerve innervates the
muscles of the neck and shoulder
| cranial nerve XI
52
the thymus is covered by
dense connective-tissue capsule, which sends fibres into the body of the thymus for support
53
blood passes from the left ventricle through the
aortic valve -- the the ascending aorta -- coronary arteries supply blood to the heart wall
54
stage 4 breast cancer is marked by
widely spread tumours, supraclavicular lymphnodes enlarged, distal organs involved
55
where are T cells produced?
bone marrow
56
what is the test for a torn meniscus?
Apley Grind test
57
what are basophils responsible for?
allergic reaction, leukemia, cancer, hypothyroid
58
where do B cells mature?
spleen and other secondary lymphoid tissues;
| here they differentiate into immunocompetent B cells
59
what does the T11 nerve supply?
kidneys, ureter
60
what are the features of scrofula?
pea-sized, hard, but movable lumps, cold abscess, rupture w/ clear pus
61
what are the main symptoms of acute bronchitis?
coughing yellow or green phlegm, usually appearing 24-48 hours after coughing
62
parts of the external outer ear
auricle, helix, lobule, external auditory canal, ear wax, tympanic membrane (ear drum)
63
what are the risk factors for rotator cuff tears?
people over 40, repetitive lifting or overhead activities, athletes (baseball pitchers, tennis players), traumatic injury
64
what does the C3 nerve supply?
cheeks, outer ear, facial bones, teeth, facial nerves
65
what does the L2 nerve supply?
appendix, abdomen, thigh
66
what are the features of stage 3 of frozen shoulder?
thawing stage, range of motion begins to improve, normal movement 5-26 months
67
what are the features of a partial tear of the rotator cuff?
tear that damages the soft tissue, but does not completely sever it
68
where are sperm stored?
testes or seminiferous tubules
69
calculation for blood weight
body weight in kg x 8%
ex. 60kg x 8% = 4.8 kg of blood
70
the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the
upper jaw bone
71
blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle via the
tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
72
what are the muscles of the anterior rotator cuff?
supraspinatus muscle, subscapularis muscle
73
stage 3 breast cancer tumours are marked by
tumours 3-5 cm, wide adhesions overlying skin, ulceration or sticking to muscles of thorax
74
true or false: hemorrhoids can be internal or external
true
75
what is Kernig's sign?
test for meningitis
positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance)
76
point over the right side of the abdomen, 1/3 of distance from ASIS to the umbilicus; this point roughly corresponds to most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum
McBurney's point
77
the hypoglossal nerve innervates the
tongue muscle
| cranial nerve XII
78
what is the most commonly affected valve in rheumatic heart disease?
mitral valve
79
how many lobes does the thymus have?
2
80
what can improve (increase) breathing rate?
CO2 concentration
81
what are the bones that make up the shoulder?
humerus, scapula, clavicle
82
where does fertilization take place?
in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes
83
the trochlear nerve innervates the
superior oblique eye muscle
| cranial nerve IV
84
gastrointestinal substance remains in the _____ for the longest period of time
colon (3-10 hours)
85
what are some acupoints to treat inversion of the foot?
GB 31, BL 62, GB 40
86
what is the function of B cells?
responsible for generating antibodies specific to antigens, which they bind via B cell receptors (BCR)
87
what is the largest bone in the foot?
calcaneus (heel bone)
88
hallmark of Graves Disease
bulging eyes (as result of hyperthyroidism)
89
where do T cells mature?
thymus
90
stiff neck is mainly due to tension in the
trapezius muscle (leads into SCM)
91
what is rheumatic valve disease caused by?
group A streptococcus, pancarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmia, atrial dilation, ventricular dysfx, heart failure
92
what does the C5 nerve supply?
vocal cords, neck, glands, pharynx
93
haemoptysis is NOT found in
chronic bronchial disease
94
which hepatitis viruses can be prevented with vaccines?
A and B
95
what causes pernicious anemia?
B12 deficiency
96
the prostate gland is located
b/w the bladder and penis
97
what does the T3 nerve supply?
lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, chest
98
the abducent nerve innervates the
external rectus muscle of the eyeball
| cranial nerve VI
99
when does plantar fasciitis usually feel worse?
morning
| when stepping down/weight bearing
100
what is the mechanism of type 2 diabetes?
occurs when the body can't properly use insulin that is released (insulin insensitivity), or does not make enough insulin, causing sugar to build up in the blood
101
function of platelets
stop bleeding
102
what does the T7 nerve supply?
pancreas, duodenum
103
what is the function of HDL?
helps carry LDL away from artery walls
104
what are some symptoms of a torn ACL?
popping sound, knee giving out, swelling and pain
105
what is the largest tendon in the body?
achilles tendon
106
what is acute lumbar sprain?
sudden sprain or tear to muscles and ligaments supporting the back due to sudden movement
107
what is a ganglion cyst?
a lump or sac of liquid arising joint to surrounding tissue on top of or covering a tendon
108
what are some causes of an acute tear of the rotator cuff?
falling down on an outstretched arm, lifting something too heavy with a jerking motion, broken collarbone or dislocated shoulder
109
what does the T1 nerve supply?
forearms, hands, wrists, fingers, esophagus, trachea
110
what does the C7 nerve supply?
thyroid gland, shoulder bursa, elbows
111
treatment principle for plantar fasciitis (TCM)
nourish KI meridian
112
which facial nerve gives rise to taste?
facial nerve VII
113
white blood cells are also known as
leukocytes
114
what is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee?
ACL
115
what causes glaucoma?
build up of aqueous humor, poor blood flow, and damage to the optic nerve
116
the auditory nerve innervates the
side of the medulla
| cranial nerve VIII
117
hemorrhages in GI tract usually caused by
ulcers
118
the left atrium receives blood from the lungs via the
pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
119
the vagus nerve innervates the
pharynx, heart, respiratory tract, pancreas, blood vessels, alimentary canal
cranial nerve X
120
if pressure in the brain is high it will likely cause
heavy projectile vomiting
121
causes of plantar fasciitis
excess running or standing on hard surfaces, excessive stretching
122
what is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
prevents tibia from sliding out in front of the femur
123
how is Hep C spread?
sex, blood, transfusions, mother-to-baby, razors, nail clippers, needles
124
the leading cause of liver disease in Canada is
fatty liver disease
125
what is the key part of treatment for diabetes?
monitoring blood sugar
126
right upper abdominal pain, colic pain, pain that spreads to back or below right shoulder blade, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, loose, light-coloured stools, jaundice, itching, right upper abdominal fullness and discomfort just under diaphragm, pain radiating to tip of right scapula; symptoms occur after fatty meal and may be temporarily relieved by vomiting
symptoms of cholecystitis (gall stones)
127
furuncle/folliculitis is caused by
staph infection
128
where is the temperature regulation centre?
hypothalamus
129
black stool or melena means volume of blood is
greater than 50ml
130
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of
infections such as abscesses, respiratory infections, food poisoning
131
what is the function of insulin?
causes cells to take in sugar to use as energy or to store as fat
132
Murphy's Sign
ask patient to breathe out, then place hand under right costal margin at mid-clavicular line; then instruct patient to breathe in; is patient stops breathing in and winces w/ a 'catch' breath, test is considered positive
in order for test to be positive, same maneuver must no illicit pain when performed on left side
133
if the right ventricle fails, blood will
back up in systemic veins --> kidneys cause increase in blood volume --> peripheral edema (in ankles and feet)
134
neutrophil granulocytes (most common form of WBC) are significantly higher in patients with
acute appendicitis
135
largest percentage of WBCs
neutrophils (75%)
136
what is Brudinski's sign?
test for meningitis
| patient's hips and knees flex when neck is flexed
137
haemoptysis is found in
lung cancer, lung abscesses, TB, pneumonia, bronchitis, mitral stenosis heart disease
138
what do the coccygeal nerves supply?
rectum, anus
139
renal failure causes edema due to
salt and water retention and metabolic acidosis
140
what does systolic BP indicate?
first reading; maximum contraction of the left ventricle
141
what does the T9 nerve supply?
adrenal glands
142
blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle via the
mitral valve (or bicuspid valve)
143
soon after HBV enters the body, it infects cells in the liver called
hepatocytes;
| immune system targets virus and hepatocytes already infected w/ virus, causing inflammation of the liver
144
stage 2 breast cancer tumours are marked by
tumours < 5 cm, slight adhesions, enlarged lymph nodes on same side
145
what is the cause of herniated disks at L3, L4, L5, S1?
physical pressure, chemical stimulation, or inflammation of roots of spinal canal
146
upper left side or middle abdominal pain (pain is persistent or worse when lying flat on back), abdominal pain radiating to back or below left shoulder blade, abdominal pain worse immediately after eating foods high in fat, worse w/ alcohol, nausea, vomiting, tenderness when touching abdomen
symptoms of pancreatitis
147
what is the biggest muscle in the body?
```
quadriceps (in notes)
gluteus maximus (in real life)
```
148
what is considered high blood pressure?
systolic reading of 140 or higher
149
the trigeminal nerve is also known as
cranial nerve V
150
the shoulder has which type of joint?
ball-and-socket
151
which ligament is injured in a sprained ankle?
anterior talofibular ligament
152
what is the function of T cells?
defend the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi
153
parts of the inner ear (also called the labyrinth)
cochlea, cochlear duct, semicircular canals and ducts, stapes in oval windows, round windows
154
fatigue, weakness, weight gain or increased difficulty in losing weight, coarse, dry hair, dry-rough-pale skin, hair loss, cold intolerance, muscle cramps and frequent muscle aches
symptoms of hypothyroidism
155
arteries carry blood _____ the heart, veins carry blood _____ the heart
away from; to
156
what does the T5 nerve supply?
liver, solar plexus, circulation
157
what is patellar tendonitis (jumper's knee)?
inflammation of the tendon connecting the knee cap to the tibia
158
features of goitre
enlarged thyroid gland ranging from small to large masses, painless, soft bumps w/o edges, bilateral, movable
159
when is growth hormone secretion the highest?
rapid wave sleep
160
in pancreatitis, pancreatic cells release _____ instead of ________
trypsin; trypsinogen
161
which blood vessels nourish the liver?
arterial blood from hepatic artery supplies O2 blood; portal vein supplies deoxygenated blood
162
what is the mechanism of type 1 diabetes?
when immune system mistakenly attacks and kills beta cells of pancreas, causing sugar to build up in blood b/c of lack of insulin
163
what does the C2 nerve supply?
eyes, ears, sinuses, tongue, forehead
164
what does the T8 nerve supply?
spleen
165
cirrhosis may cause
variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy
166
varicose veins are caused by
blood clots due to vein malfunction
167
what are the two main types of cholesterol?
LDL and HDL
168
the occulomotor nerve innervates the
eye muscles and ciliary body
| cranial nerve III
169
the thymus serves a vital role in training and development of
T-lymphocytes or T cells (type of WBC)
170
which facial nerve is associated w/ Bell's Palsy?
facial nerve VII
171
which nerve is damaged in 'drop foot'?
common peroneal nerve
172
cirrhosis results from
permanent damage or scarring of the liver
173
what is leukocytosis?
increase in WBCs
174
spider angioma (spider nevus) is associated with
hepato-cirrhosis
175
platelets are also called
thrombocytes
176
stage 1 breast cancer tumours are marked by
tumours < 3 cm, no metastasis
177
if the left ventricle fails and cannot pump out all the blood it receives, the blood will
back up into the lungs --> pulmonary edema
178
stomach cancer often metastasizes in the
left supraclavicular lymphnode
179
what are the features of stage 2 of frozen shoulder?
frozen stage, slow movement, stiffness remains 4-9 months, usage becomes more difficult
180
what are some symptoms of a torn meniscus?
joint lock, clicking, tearing sound, popping sensation
181
what is the cause of tennis elbow?
inflammation of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
182
what are lymphocytes responsible for?
viral infections, leukemias
183
what is the cause of prostatitis?
acute bacterial infection
184
what is the function of blood cholesterol?
makes cell membranes, vitamin D, and hormones
185
which muscle controls abduction (eversion) of the foot?
peroneus longus muscle
186
what are the two conditions of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)?
pain
| restricted movement
187
where is food absorbed?
small intestine (food remains in SI 3-5 hours)
188
what does diastolic BP indicate?
second reading; when the heart is relaxed and allows blood to flow into upper right
189
what are the features of stage 1 of frozen shoulder?
freezing or painful stage, 6-9 weeks, slow onset of pain, pain with any shoulder movement, limited range of motion
190
the thymus is more closely related with the _______ system than with the _______ system
immune; endocrine
191
what is the least likely gland to develop cancer?
parathyroid
192
what is the function of the collateral ligaments?
prevent femur from going side to side
193
what kind of cancer in the lung is most common?
squamous cell carcinoma (accounts for 25% of all lung cancers; grows rapidly and spreads to other parts of body; common in smokers)
194
what are the features of a ganglion cyst?
1-3 cm, immovable, common on back of hand, can rupture;
| use syringe to remove liquid
195
the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments aid in
lateral support
196
the "lub" sound (S1) made by the heart is caused by
turbulence caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole
197
what are the factors that contribute to degenerative or chronic rotator cuff tears?
repetitive stress, lack of blood supply, bone spurs (most often on underside of acromion)
198
parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for
"rest and digest"
SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation, decreased heart rate, decreased diamater of airways, constriction of pupils
199
which tests can be used to diagnose meningitis?
Brudinski's sign, Kernig's sign, lumbar puncture
200
how does epinephrine increase cardiac output?
increases rate and force of contractions and vasodilates arterioles to help increase blood flow to cardiac muscles during exercise
201
pain starting in centre of chest, spreading to left arm, neck, back, throat, or jaw; tightness, pressure, squeezing, and/or aching feeling in chest or arms; feeling of moderate to severe indigestion that is persistent; sharp, burning, or cramping pain; discomfort in neck or upper back, particularly b/w shoulder blades; numbness or loss of feeling in arms, shoulders, wrists; symptoms worse after exertion or emotional stress
symptoms of angina pain
202
where is vitamin B12 mostly absorbed?
large intestine
203
causes of stroke (TCM)
LV hyperactivity, disturbance of blood and body fluid
204
parts of the middle ear
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup), secondary tympanic membrane
205
what is the narrowest part of the trachea in children?
the cricoid cartilage
206
lowest body temperature of the day
between 2-5/6 a.m.
207
what is ankylosing spondylitis?
inflammatory disease that can cause vertebrae in spine to fuse
208
pain relieved by eating, pain not occurring until 3-4 hours after eating, melena, bloody stools
symptoms of duodenal ulcer
209
what does the L1 nerve supply?
large intestine, inguinal rings
210
what does the L5 nerve supply?
lower back, buttocks, thighs, legs, feet, sciatic nerve, large intestine
211
what is the cause of a torn MCL?
blow to the OUTSIDE of the knee
212
what does the C4 nerve supply?
nose, lips, mouth, eustachian tube
213
what are the features of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff?
also called a complete tear; splits soft tissue into two pieces; in many cases, tendons tear off where they attach to the head of the humerus
214
how is Hep A spread?
fecal contamination
215
which part of the brain is responsible for balance?
cerebellum
216
lung cancer often metastasizes in the
right supraclavicular lymph node
217
what is the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?
compression of the median nerve; felt in thumb, index, and middle fingers; pain worse at night
218
erythropoietin is made in the
kidneys
219
what are eosinophils responsible for?
allergic reaction
220
what is the cause for decrease in pancreatic juice?
sugar
221
the facial nerve innervates the
taste buds, salivary gland, facial and neck muscles
| cranial nerve VII
222
what is the primary function of T cells?
activate B cells and killer T cells
223
about 90% of people with diabetes have type ___.
2
224
cause of varicose veins (TCM)
deficiency and sinking of qi w/ blood stasis;
| accumulation of cold and dampness w/ blood stasis
225
function of hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein
226
causes of low back pain
musculoskeletal including mechanical strain, spasm, osteoarthritis, herniated disks, spinal stenosis, compression fractures, ankylosing spondylitis
227
true or false: children can be affected by type 2 diabetes
true, although it develops more often in adults
228
high levels of _____ in the blood promote buildup of plaque in artery walls
LDL
229
what does the T2 nerve supply?
heart, coronary arteries
230
what is leukopenia?
too few WBCs
231
where are B lymphocytes produced?
bone marrow
232
how is Hep B spread?
sex, blood, transfusions, mother-to-baby
233
what are the features of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
excessive cell growth of prostate gland, hypertrophy, enlarged prostate blocking urine/bladder, weak-stream urination, or urinary retention
234
features of carbuncles
clustered boils, multiple draining points, pea-sized to golf ball size, yellow point in centre of heads
235
the trigeminal nerve innervates the
snout, eyeball, lacrymal gland, lower eyelid, upper lip, upper jaw, gum, teeth
cranial nerve V
236
which hepatitis virus can NOT be prevented with vaccines?
C
237
what are monocytes responsible for?
viral or fungal infections, TB, chronic diseases
238
what does the C1 nerve supply?
blood supply to head, pituitary gland, bones of face, brain, inner and middle ear
239
what are neutrophils responsible for?
bacterial infection, acute inflammation; they are the earliest cells to arrive at site of infection/injury
240
nervousness, anxiety, rapid heart rate, hand tremors, excessive sweating, weight loss, sleep problems, poor concentration
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
241
the time b/w the second heart sound and the following first sound defines
diastole (ventricular filling)
242
endocrine glands include
thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pineal
243
_________ are the major driving force and main regulators of immune defence.
helper T cells
244
what are the symptoms of prostatitis?
urgent, painful, burning, bloody urination
245
what is the cause of sporadic secondary goitre?
hyper or hypothyroidism, drugs, cancer
246
which muscle controls adduction (inversion) of the foot?
tibialis anterior
247
where are RBCs destroyed?
by fixed macrophages in the liver and spleen
248
which cells of the pancreas release insulin?
beta cells
249
what does the T12 nerve supply?
small intestine, lymph circulation
250
which acupoint stops facial artery bleeding?
ST 5
251
sympathetic nervous system is responsible for
"fight or flight"
| reduction in body functions, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, airway dilation, glucose release by liver
