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Flashcards in Biomedical prevention against HIV-1 Deck (30)
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1
Q

How many people were living with HIV globally at the end of 2017?

A

> 36.9 million

2
Q

How have new HIV infections reduced since 1996?

A

reduced by 47%

3
Q

How have AIDs-related deaths been reduced since its peak in 2004?

A

by more than 51%

4
Q

What is the risk of acquiring HIV if MSM?

A

27 times higher than general population

5
Q

What should initial HAART therapy consist of?

A

2NRTIs + PI/NNRTI

6
Q

What is the risk of mother-child transmission without therapy?

A

1 in 4

7
Q

How adherent to therapy do you need to be to prevent resistance?

A

95%

8
Q

How many countiries criminalised same-sex sexual relationships in 2016 June?

A

74

9
Q

What is the MOA of gp41 inhibitors?

A

prevent HIV from fusing with the cell

10
Q

Waht is the MOA of gp120 and CCR5 antagonists?

A

prevent HIV from attaching to the cell

11
Q

What is the function of PIs?

A

prevent processing of HIV proteins and the development into a mature virion

12
Q

What is the source of the virus during effective ART?

A

primarly defined by the half-life of hte cells that were infected before therapy was initiated - after several years, long-lived populations of resting central memory cells become dominant source of HIV persistance

13
Q

What percentage of all people living with HIV are unaware of their HIV status?

A

aroudn half

14
Q

What is the UNAIDs targets for 2020?

A

90% of people living with HIV know diagnosis; 90% of those are on ART and 90% of those are virologically suppressed by 2020

15
Q

What are hte challenges to meeting the UNAID targets?

A

money; drug supply chains; trained staff; capacity; stigma; gender based violence

16
Q

What are the 4 pillars of HIV prevention?

A

behavioural change; treatment(ARTs; STIs) ; social justice and human rights; biomedial strategies

17
Q

What are the behvarioural changes needed for HIV prevention?

A

partner reduction; condom use; clean IDU equipment

18
Q

What are the 2 forms of Prep?

A

oral and topical microbicides eg gels or intravaginal rings

19
Q

What is the one off the greatest risk factors for HIV globally?

A

being in a stable relationship (won’t use condoms)

20
Q

What effect does male circumcision have on HIV transmission?

A

> 57% reduction- but doesn’t reduce risk of transmitting HIV to women

21
Q

How does on demand PrEP work?

A

2 tablets of truvada before sex (2-24h); 1 tablet 24 hours after and 48 hours after

22
Q

What are some of current issues regarding PrEP?

A

who will pay for it; who will be eligible; long-term safety; adherence; will it change risk behaviour; if get HIV whilst on PrEP, will have impact on treatment- eg resistnace?

23
Q

What are the possibilities of sustained release of PrEP?

A

long acting injectables; implantables; intra-vaginal rings

24
Q

What was the effect of the PrEP vaginal ring in women >21 years?

A

protection was 56%

25
Q

What was the effect of the Thai vaccination RV-144 trial?

A

protective efficacy at around 31%

26
Q

What was the vaccination schedule of RV-144

A

vaccination injections at 4 times over 6 months with gp120 boosters at 12 and 24 weeks

27
Q

When was the highest protection with RV-144?

A

first 6-12 months

28
Q

What was the significant about RV-144 despite not great efficacy?

A

showed that protection from infection of HIV is possible

29
Q

Aside from eliciting antibodies through vaccination, what is the other use for broadly neutralising antibodies?

A

passive immunisation by injecting antibodies or gene transfer through a vector that produces the antibodies for prevention and therapy

30
Q

What is the kick and kill strategy for getting rid of the reservoir?

A

activate latently infected cells then kill the cells through immunologic therpay; gene therapy; stem cells transplants (both getting rid of CCR5) and continuing ART to prevent new cells being infected