Biomolecules and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
Types of chemical bonding
A
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
2
Q
Ionic bond (what it is, electronegativity, example)
A
- Electron is transferred from one element to another
- Electronegativity: one strong, one weak
- between 2 ions with opposite charges
- Ex: Nacl
3
Q
Covalent bond (what it is, electronegativity, examples)
A
- electrons are shared
- electronegativity is relatively equal
- non-polar: equal sharing ex: CH4
- polar: unequal sharing ex: H2O
4
Q
Hydrogen bond (what it is, examples)
A
- opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules –> attraction
- slight (+) charges (near H) and (-) charges (near O) –> attraction
ex: water molecules binding to each other
5
Q
Biomolecules (3 points)
A
- molecules synthesized by cells
- contain c-c covalent bonds
- often form ring or chain structures
6
Q
How do we make biomolecules?
A
Dehydration synthesis: forming covalent bonds by removal of H2O
7
Q
How do we break biomolecules?
A
hydrolysis: breaking covalent bonds by the addition of water
8
Q
Types of biomolecules
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
9
Q
Carbohydrates (contain, properties, types)
A
Contain: C,H,O (C+H2O)
Properties: polar –> hydrophilic
Types: simples sugars, complex carbohydrates
10
Q
Simple sugars (function, types, examples)
A
function: fast energy
Types:
-monosaccharide: one sugar (glucose, fructose)
-disaccharide: two sugars (sucrose, lactose)
11
Q
Complex carbohydrates (function, type, examples)
A
Function: energy storage, structural support, component of cell membranes
types:
-polysaccharide: chain of sugars (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
12
Q
Lipids (contain, properties, types)
A
Contain: C,H,O properties: non-polar --> hydrophobic Types: -Triglycerides -Phospholipids -Eiconosids -Steroids
13
Q
Triglycerides (structure, function, types)
A
Structure: glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains Function: energy storage, insulation, protection Types: 1. saturated -no double bonds -tightly packed -solid at room temperature 2. unsaturated -contains double bonds -loosely packed -liquid at room temperature
14
Q
Phospholipids (structure, function)
A
Structure: -glycerol -phosphate group (polar) -two fatty acid tails (non-polar) Function: membrane structure
15
Q
Eiconosids (structure, function, example)
A
Structure: -ring structure -fatty acids Function: cellular communication Example: Prostaglandin (pain perception)
16
Q
Sterols (structure, function, examples)
A
Structure: -4 carbon rings with side chains -all derived from cholesterol Function: -membrane fluidity -cellular communication -others Examples: - cholesterol, testosterone, vitamin D
17
Q
Proteins (contain, structure, function)
A
Contain: C,H,O,N Structure: chain of folded amino acids (polypeptide) Function: -structural support -enzymatic activity -chemical messengers -receptors
18
Q
Amino acid structure
A
- central carbon
- amino group: NH2
- carboxyl group: COOH
- R group: determines amino acid
19
Q
Protein structural levels
A
- primary: sequence of amino acids (peptide bonds)
- secondary: structural motifs (H bonds)
- Alpha-helix: spirals
- Beta-pleaded sheets: pleads - tertiary: large scale motifs formed by the interactions between R-groups (H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds)
- quaternary: bonding with multiple polypeptide chains
20
Q
Nucleic acids (contain, properties, structure, function, types)
A
Contain: C,H,O,N,p Properties: polar --> hydrophilic Structure: chain of nucleotides Function: 1. store genetic information (DNA) 2. DNA expression (RNA) Types: DNA, RNA
21
Q
Nucleotide (what is it made of)
A
- phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA)
22
Q
DNA (structure, sugar, what binds to adenine)
A
- double stranded helix
- sugar: deoxyribose
- thymine binds to adenine
23
Q
RNA (structure, sugar, what binds to adenine, types)
A
- single stranded
- sugar: ribose
- uracil binds to adenine
- types:
- mRNA: messenger RNA, nucelus –> ribosome
- tRNA: transfer RNA, important in protein synthesis
- rRNA: ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome
24
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
- Structure: lipid bilayer with scattered proteins and cholesterol molecules
- Function: maintains boundary of cell and integrity of cell structure: embedded proteins serve multiple functions
25
Nucleus
* Structure: Surrounded by double layered nuclear envelope
| * Function: houses the DNA, which dictates cellular function in protein synthesis
26
Nucleolus
* Structure: Dark oval structure inside the nucleus
| * Function: synthesis of ribosomal DNA
27
Cytosol
* Structure: gel-like fluid
| * Function: cell metabolism; storage
28
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
* Structure: continuous with the nuclear envelope; flattened stacks dotted with ribosomes
* Function: protein synthesis and post-translational processing
29
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
* Structure: continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum; tubular structure without ribosomes
* Function: lipid synthesis and post-translational processing of proteins; transport of molecules from endoplasmic reticulum in Golgi apparatus, calcium storage
30
Golgi Apparatus
* Structure: series of flattened sacs near the endoplasmic reticulum
* Function: post-translational processing; packaging and sorting of proteins
31
Mitochondria
* Structure: oval shaped with outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae that project into the matrix
* Function: ATP synthesis
32
Lysosomes
* Structure: granular, saclike; scattered throughout cytoplasm
* Function: breakdown of cellular and extracellular debris
33
Peroxisomes
* Structure: similar in appearance to lysosomes, but smaller
| * Function: breakdown of toxic substances, including hydrogen peroxide
34
Vaults
* Structure: small, barrel-shaped
| * Function: unknown; possibly transport of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm
35
Ribosomes
* Structure: granular organelles composed of proteins and rRNA- located in cytosol or on surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
* Function: translation of mRNA to synthesize proteins
36
Centrioles
* Structure: two cylindrical bundles of protein filaments that are perpendicular to each other
* Function: direction of mitotic spindle development during cell division
37
Cytoskeleton
* Structure: composed of protein filaments, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
* Function: Structural support of cell; movement and contraction
38
DNA Replication (what is made, location, enzymes, semi-conservative, direction)
- DNA-->DNA
- Location: nucleus
- Semi-conservative: one old strand, one new strand
- Bidirectional
- Enzymes involved:
- Helicase: unwind double helix
- DNA Polymerase: add nucleotides to each unwound string of DNA
- can only add in 5' --> 3' direction
39
Protein Synthesis
Central dogma of molecular biology
DNA ---> mRNA ---> protein
40
DNA ---> mRNA
transcription
41
mRNA ---> protein
translation
42
Transcription (what is made, location, enzymes)
- DNA--> mRNA
- Location: nucelus
- Enzymes involved:
- RNA polymerase: unwinds DNA, makes a complimentary RNA strand to DNA
43
Genetic Code (codes for, how many codons, start/stop codons)
- mRNA language are codons (groups of 3 nucleotides)
- each codes for:
- amino acid (sense)
- stop-signal (non-sense)
- 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids
- Degeneracy: multiple codes for one amino acid
- Start codon: AUG (methionine)
- Stop codons: UAG, UAA, UGA
44
Translation (what is made, location, organelle involved)
- mRNA --> protein
- Location: cytoplasm
- organelle involved: ribosome
45
Translation Process
1. mRNA becomes associated with ribosome
2. start codon is exposed, and tRNA with complimentary anticodon binds
- tRNA have a specific anticodon and are attached to a specific aa
3. next codon of mRNA is exposed and tRNA binds
4. peptide bond forms between aa
5. ribosome moves along mRNA to expose another codon
6. process repeats until stop codon
