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Physiology Exam #1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Electrons are transferred from one reaction to another

1: oxidation: loss of electrons
2: reductions: gain of an electron

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2
Q

Electron carriers

A
  • NADH and FADH2
  • accept electrons during chemical reactions
  • drop them off at the electron transport chain
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3
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • energy currency
  • stores energy in two high energy bonds
  • when bonds are broken down energy is released
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4
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A
  • oxidizing carbohydrate (glucose)

- energy can be obtained by either respiration or fermentation

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5
Q

Respiration (which types)

A
  1. aerobic 2. anaerobic
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6
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

electrons released by oxidation are passed down electron transport system to an oxygen electron receptor

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7
Q

General equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose+ oxygen –> carbon dioxide+ H2O+ ATP

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8
Q

Chemical Equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

38 ADP + 38 P 38 ATP

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9
Q

Steps of Aerobic Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Transition Reaction
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
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10
Q

Glycolysis (what it is, location, cost, end products)

A
  • splitting of glucose
  • oxidation of glucose –> 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
  • Location: cytoplasm
  • Cost: 2 ATP
  • End products
    • 2 pyruvic acid
    • 2 ATP (net gain0
    • 2 NADH
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11
Q

Transition Reaction ( what it is, location, end products)

A
  • connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle
  • decarboxylation (removal of carbon) of pyruvic acid into acetyl coenzyme A
  • Location: mitochondrial matrix
  • End Products:
    • 2 Acetyl Coenzyme A
    • 2 CO2
    • 2 NADH
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12
Q

Krebs Cycle (what it is, location, end products)

A
  • a series of chemical reactions that begin with oxaloacetic acid (4C) and acetyl coA (2C) –> citrate (6C)
  • Decarboxylation of acetyl group in a cycle –> regernate oxaloacetic acid
  • Location: mitochondrial matrix
  • End Products:
    • 2 ATP
    • 2 FADH2
    • 4 CO2
    • 6 NADH
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13
Q

Electron Transport Chain (What it is, location, ATP produced)

A
  • a chain of coenzymes
  • receives H+ from NADH and FADH2
  • transports electrons to terminal acceptor O2 –> H2O
  • Location: inner mitochondrial membrane
  • ATP produced:
    • NADH –> 3 ATP
    • FADH2 –> 2 ATP
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14
Q

Chemiosmotic Mechanism of ATP Generation

A

-ATP is produced during electron transport

  1. protons actively transported into intermembrane space
  2. protons diffuse back through membrane channels with ATP synthase to produce ATP
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15
Q

Energy math

A 
Glycolysis
  -2 NADH --> 6 ATP
  -2 ATP --> 2 ATP
Transition Reaction
  -2 NADH --> 6 ATP
Krebs Cycle
  -2 ATP --> 2 ATP
  -6 NADH --> 18 ATP
  -2 FADH2 --> 4 ATP

Total= 38 ATP

BUT it costs 2 ATP to bring NADH from glycolysis into mitochondria making it a TOTAL OF 36 ATP

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16
Q

Glucose Catabolism in the Absence of O2

A
  • ETC backed up
  • Krebs cycle backed up
  • Glycolysis can continue if NAD+ if regernated from NADH
17
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A
  • pyruvic acid + NADH –> lactic acid dehydrogenase –> lactic acid + NAD+
  • allows glycolysis to continue –> 2 ATP
18
Q

Lactic acid

A
  • increased amounts –> acidification of ICF and ECF
  • If O2 is available, reverse reaction will change lactic acid into pyruvic acid
  • excess lactic acid can leave the cell to the liver and be converted back into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
19
Q

Lipid Catabolism (what it is and where the parts enter?

A

-triglycerides –> glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  • glycerol enters glycolysis
  • fatty acids –>beta oxidation –> acetyl coA –> krebs cycle
20
Q

Beta- Oxidation

A
  • fatty acid chains broken down into (2c) acetyl coA
  • each enters krebs cycle (worth 12 ATP)
  • breakdown also produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2
21
Q

Protein catabolism

A

Proteolysis: Proteins –> amino acids

Deamination

  • removal of amino group from amino acid
  • produces NH3 –> ammonia
  • can enter various stages

Physiology Exam #1 (5 decks)

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