Introduction to Physiology

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

The study of functions of organisms

Question 2

Structural levels of organization

Answer 2

1. atoms/molecules
2. cells
3. tissues
4. organs
5. organ systems
6. organism

Question 3

External environment (what it is and examples)

Answer 3

Components outside of body

ex: air, nutrients, water, inorganic ions, urine, feces

Question 4

Internal environment (what it is, examples, what seperates it)

Answer 4

components inside the body
ex: cells, fluid
Separated by epithelium (skin, lining of lungs, intestinal tract, kidney tubules)

Question 5

major concept, problem, solution of internal/external environment

Answer 5

major concept: the human body requires contact with the external environment
Problem: not all cells are in direct contact with the external environment
Solution: fluid compartments. They allow for cell communication

Question 6

Fluid compartments

Answer 6

Total body water (TBW): volume of water that is contained in all the body’s compartments

also includes intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 7

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 7

fluid inside cells

Question 8

Extracellular fluid (ECF) (includes)

Answer 8

fluid outside of cells

Includes: plasma (liquid noncellular portion of blood)
               interstitial fluid (ISF): fluid (outside of blood) surrounding cells

Question 9

Homeostasis (3 points)

Answer 9

• Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
• unifying theme of physiology
• disruption –> disease

Question 10

Homeostatic control systems (what is and classes)

Answer 10

Regulatory responses to maintain homeostasis

• classes
  
  • intrinsic/local controls
  • extrinsic/ systemic controls

Question 11

intrinsic/ local controls

Answer 11

-inherent in an organ

Question 12

Extrinsic/ systemic controls

Answer 12

• the regulatory mechanism is initiated outside the organ
• uses the endocrine and/or nervous system
• coordinates response from several organs toward a common goal

Question 13

Regulated variables (what they are and 5 examples)

Answer 13

-conditions regulated by homeostatic control

Ex: temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved gas concentration, nutrient/waste control

Question 14

Set point ( what it is and examples)

Answer 14

• range for regulated variable that the body wants to maintain
• ex:
  
  • body temperature: 37’ C
  • Blood glucose: 100mg/dL
  • Blood pH: 7.35-7.45

Question 15

What happens if you go out of set point range?

Answer 15

Error signal

Question 16

Homeostatic response (components)

Answer 16

• components:
  
  1. stimulus- change from set point (error signal)
  2. sensor: detects stimulus
  3. integrating center:
     
     • receives input from receptors
     • determines needed output of effectors
       
       4. effectors: receives output to respond to stimulus

Question 17

Feedback (what it is and types)

Answer 17

Response after a change is detected

types–> negative and positive feedback

Question 18

Negative feedback

Answer 18

Response moves the system in the opposite direction of the initial change

• Stabilizing
• more common
• Ex: body temperature, blood glucose levels

Question 19

Positive feedback

Answer 19

response moves the system in the same direction as the initial change

• directional
• less common
• Ex: child birth, ovulation

Question 20

Diabetes (what it is, results, types)

Answer 20

-Metabolic disease affecting blood glucose levels and urine volume
-Results: excessive hormones, excessive fluid loss, eventually affecting all body systems
Types:
-Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
-Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
-Gestational Diabetes
-Diabetes Insipidus

Question 21

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Answer 21

• Inadequate insulin production

- insulin dependent

Question 22

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Answer 22

• body cells lose response to insulin
• non-insulin dependent
• most common

Question 23

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 23

temporary loss of sensitivity to insulin due to hormonal changes

Question 24

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 24

Inadequate anti-diuretic hormone secretion resulting in high urine volume

-rare (genetic)

Question 25

How can you develop diabetes?

Answer 25

Obesity

• High fat content relative to lean body mass
• BMI –> 30-39 (body weight (kg)/height(m2)
• Sedentary lifestyle