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Cells to Systems > biomolecules + metabolic biochemistry > Flashcards

biomolecules + metabolic biochemistry Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is the molecular formula of glucose?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

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2
Q

What does saccharide mean?

A

sugar

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3
Q

monosaccharides

A

basic unit of carbohydrates made of C, H + O in the ration 1:2:1

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4
Q

Give some examples of monosaccharides.

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose

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5
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH₂O)ₙ where n = 3/5/6

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6
Q

triose

A

when n=3

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7
Q

pentose

A

when n=5

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8
Q

hexose

A

when n=6

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9
Q

Give some examples of disaccharides.

A

1) sucrose (glucose + fructose)

2) lactose (galactose + glucose)

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10
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

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11
Q

glycosidic bond

A

bond that links 2 sugar molecules

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12
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide.

A

glycogen

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13
Q

condensation polymerisation

A

a series of condensation reactions, adding one unit after another to the chain until very large molecules are formed

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14
Q

What is glycogen made up of?

A

subunits of glucose

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15
Q

What do the properties of a polysaccharide molecule depend on?

A

1) length
2) extent of branching
3) folding
4) whether the chain is straight/coiled

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16
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acids/acyls =

A

triacylglycerol

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17
Q

saturated fat

A

saturated with hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

unsaturated fat

A

C=C bonds within the fatty acid chain

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19
Q

monounsaturated fat

A

single double bond

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20
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

multiple double bonds

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21
Q

cis-unsaturated fat

A

hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond

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22
Q

trans-unsaturated fats

A

hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond

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23
Q

Are cis- or trans- unsaturated fats more likely to be solid at room temperature?

A

trans

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24
Q

Are cis fats good or bad?

A

good

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25
Are trans fats good or bad?
bad
26
Are saturated fats good or bad?
bad
27
ampipathatic
hydrophobic + hydrophilic regions
28
How is cholesterol transported?
lipoproteins
29
HDL
high-density lipids
30
What do HDL do?
transports cholesterol to the liver for recycling
31
LDL
low-density lipids
32
Is HDL good or bad cholesterol?
good
33
Is LDL good or bad cholesterol?
bad
34
Are the heads in phospholipids hydrophobic/hydrophilic?
hydrophilic
35
Are the tails in phospholipids hydrophobic/hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
36
How are phospholipids joined?
with a glycerol
37
What do phospholipids form?
bilayers
38
What are proteins made from?
amino acids
39
What are the groups in an amino acid?
1) amino group 2) carboxyl group 3) side chain 4) hydrogen
40
How many amino acids are there?
20
41
hydrophobic
does not dissolve in water
42
polar
tendency to interact with water at biological pH
43
How can amino acids be classified by R groups?
chemical characteristics of R groups
44
non-polar R group
hydrophobic amino acid with non-polar side groups
45
polar R group
neutral - charge is not evenly distributed
46
acidic R group
negatively charged
47
basic R group
positively charged
48
What are the non-polar amino acids?
1) glycine 2) alanine 3) valine 4) leucine 5) isoleucine 6) methionine 7) tryptophan 8) phenylalanine 9) proline
49
What are the polar amino acids?
1) serine 2) threonine 3) cysteine 4) tyrosine 5) asparagine 6) glutamine
50
What are the acidic amino acids?
1) aspartic acid | 2) glutamic acid
51
What are the basic amino acids?
1) lysine 2) arginine 3) histidine
52
human serum albumin
change in direction between 2 helical regions
53
What can facilitate human serum albumin?
proline residue
54
P450s
enzyme class that metabolises drugs by utilising oxygen
55
kinases
enzyme class that phosphorylates substrates to switch them on/off
56
holoprotein/holoenzyme
complete enzyme with cofactor
57
apoprotein/apoenzyme
incomplete enzyme without cofactor
58
protein primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide/protein
59
protein secondary structure
3D form of local segments of proteins
60
protein tertiary structure
3D shape
61
protein quaternary structure
number + arrangement of multiple folded protein subunit in a multi-unit complex
62
How can amino acids be studied?
titrations
63
How can the primary structure of proteins be studied?
mass spectometry
64
How can the secondary + tertiary structure of proteins be studied?
x-ray crystallography
65
How can the quaternary structure of proteins be studied?
synchotron
66
glycogenesis
glucose to glycogen
67
synthesis of structural polymers
glucose to extracellular matrix
68
pentose phosphate pathway
glucose to ribose 5-phosphate
69
glycolysis
glucose to pyruvate
70
gluconeogenesis
pyruvate to glucose
71
anaerobic respiration
pyruvate to lactate
72
G
free energy
73
ΔG'°
standard free energy
74
What does ΔG'° tell us about?
position of equilibium
75
What does a negative ΔG'° mean?
exothermic
76
What does a positive ΔG'° mean?
endothermic
77
ΔG'° +-10kJ/mol
at equilibrium
78
ΔG'° > +-10kJ/mol
essentially irreversible
79
What charge does a phosphate have?
negative
80
Why are phosphate groups added?
1) target for positively-charged enzymes 2) ensures molecule stays within cell 3) redistributes energy
81
hexokinase
kinase that works on hexos
82
What is the enzyme classification of hexokinase?
transferase
83
What is the ΔG'° of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
-16.7 kJ/mol
84
phosphohexose isomerase
same molecule, different arrangement
85
What is the enzyme classification of phosphohexose isomerase?
isomerase
86
What is the ΔG'° of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?
+1.7 kJ/mol
87
What is the enzyme classification of phosphofructokinase?
transferase
88
What is the ΔG'° of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphsphate?
-14.2 kJ/mol
89
galactosemia
defect in one of the enzymes that breaks down galactose
90
What is glucose required for to produce?
1) energy 2) lactose 3) glycolipids + glycoprotein 4) glycerol for adipose tissue

Cells to Systems (4 decks)

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