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histology Flashcards

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1
Q

patholgy

A

study of diseases

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2
Q

cytology

A

study of microscopic features of normal cells

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3
Q

cytopathology

A

study of cells with disease

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4
Q

histology

A

study of microscopic features of normal tissue

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5
Q

histopathology

A

study of tissue with disease

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6
Q

What are the steps from specimen to report?

A

1) fixation
2) specimen collection / transportation / receipt
3) tissue selection + description
4) tissue processing
5) tissue embedding
6) microtomy
7) staining + mounting
8) quality assurance
9) reporting
10) specimen disposal
11) block + slide archiving

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7
Q

fixation

A

process of preserving cells

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8
Q

ischaemia

A

restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing shortage of oxygen + food, and build up of waste

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9
Q

autolysis

A

uncontrolled release of intracellular enzymes from lysosomes

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10
Q

putrefaction

A

action of microorganisms that produces gases

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11
Q

How is prevention of cellular deterioration done?

A

1) fixing

2) freezing

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12
Q

What factors affect the rate of fixation?

A

1) temperature
2) size of specimen + penetration of fixative
3) volume
4) pH + buffers
5) osmolarity
6) concentration
7) duration

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13
Q

What are the 2 main types of histopathological specimens?

A

1) biopsy

2) surgical specimen

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14
Q

histological sample

A

solid tissue

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15
Q

cytological samples

A

isolated cells

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16
Q

What methods are used for sample collection?

A

1) incision
2) resection
3) brush cytology
4) needle core biopsy
5) US guided fine needle aspirate
6) excisional biopsy

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17
Q

What methods are used for sampling of skin?

A

1) excisional biopsy
2) incisional biopsy
3) shave biopsy
4) punch biopsy

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18
Q

excisional biopsy

A

complete lesion removed with margin of normal skin down to adipose tissue

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19
Q

incisional biopsy

A

cross-section wedge of tissue through centre of lesion

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20
Q

shave biopsy

A

horizontal shave of skin lesion with only superficial portion of dermis

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21
Q

punch biopsy

A

sampling of cancers / tumors / inflammatory skin conditions

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22
Q

What method of fixation is used for histological examination?

A

neutral buffered formalin

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23
Q

What method of fixation is used for cytological examination?

A

alcohol fixatives

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24
Q

What strength of formaldehyde is used for routine fixation?

A

4%

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25
macroscopic description of the specimen
description that includes gross appearance / measurements / details of blocks taken
26
Who makes histopathological diagnosis?
pathologist
27
Who tests patients samples?
biomedical scientist
28
H&E
haematoxylin + eosin
29
What colour is cytoplasm + nuclei with H&E?
1) cytoplasm = pink | 2) nuclei = purple
30
How thick is simple epithelium tissue?
one cell thick
31
What are the types of simple epithelium tissue?
1) simple squamous epithelium 2) simple cuboidal epithelium 3) non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium 4) ciliated simple columnar epithelium 5) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
32
Where is simple squamous epithelium tissue found?
1) lining of the heart 2) lining of blood vessels 3) lining of lymphatic vessels 4) lining air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) 5) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule of the kidney 6) mesothelial lining of the peritoneum
33
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium tissue found?
1) covering of the ovary 2) lining kidney tubules 3) smaller ducts of many glands 4) secretory portion of some glands such as the thyroid; 5) lines the ducts of glands such as the pancreas(interlobular duct)
34
Where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium tissue found?
1) lining GI tract (stomach to anus) 2) lines the ducts of many glands + gall bladder
35
Where is ciliated simple columnar epithelium tissue found?
1) lining some bronchioles (small airway tubes) of respiratory tract 2) lining uterine (fallopian) tubes 3) lining efferent ducts of the testes 4) lining central canal of spinal cord 5) lining ventricles of brain.
36
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue found?
1) airways of most of the upper respiratory tract 2) larger ducts of many glands 3) epididymis 4) part of male urethra
37
How thick is stratified epithelium tissue?
many cells thick
38
What are the types of stratified epithelium tissue?
1) stratified squamous epithelium 2) stratified cuboidal epithelium 3) stratified columnar epithelium 4) transitional epithelium
39
What reagent s dehydration done with?
ethanol
40
What reagent is clearing done with?
solvent xylene
41
What reagent is impregnation done with?
molten paraffin wax
42
Where is stratified squamous epithelium tissue found?
1) superficial layer of the skin (keratinised variety) 2) wet surfaces such as the mouth/oesophagus/part of the larynx/part of the pharynx/vagina/covers the tongue (non-keratinised variety
43
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue found?
1) lining the ducts of adult sweat glands 2) oesophageal gland 3) part of the male urethra.
44
Where is stratified columnar epithelium tissue found?
1) lining part of the urethra 2) lining large excretory ducts of some glands (e.g. oesophageal glands) 3) covering small areas of anal mucous membrane 4) covering the conjunctiva of the eye.
45
Where is transitional epithelium tissue found?
1) lining the urinary bladder | 2) portions of the ureters + urethra
46
What are the types of epithelial tissues?
1) simple epithelium 2) stratified epithelium 3) glandular epithelium
47
What are the types of glandular epithelium tissue?
1) endocrine glands | 2) exocrine glands
48
Give some examples of endocrine glands.
1) pituitary, 2) pineal 3) thyroid 4) parathyroid 5) adrenal 6) pancreas 7) ovaries 8) testes
49
How are exocrine glands classified?
according to the shape of the secretory part
50
What are the shapes of exocrine glands?
1) simple tubular e.g. crypt of Lieberkuhn (small intestine) 2) simple branched tubular e.g. fundic gland (stomach) 3) simple coiled tubular e.g. sweat gland (skin) 4) simple acinar (alveolar or saccular) e.g. glands of the penile urethra 5) simple branched acinar e.g. sebaceous gland (oil glands associated with hair follicles of the skin) 6) compound tubular e.g.; bulbourethral gland (the Cowper’s gland which is an accessory sex gland of the penis) 7) compound acinar e.g. mammary gland 8) compound tubuloacinar e.g. acinar glands of the pancreas; Brunner’s glands of the duodenum
51
What are the types of mature connective tissues?
1) loose connective tissue 2) dense connective tissue 3) cartilage 4) bone 5) liquid connective tissue
52
What are the types of loose connective tissue?
1) areolar connective tissue 2) adipose tissue 3) reticular connective tissue
53
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
1) dense regular connective tissue 2) dense irregular connective tissue 3) elastic connective tissue
54
What are the types of cartilage?
1) hyaline cartilage 2) fibrocartilage 3) elastic cartilage
55
What are the types of bone tissue?
compact bone
56
What are the types of liquid connective tissue?
1) blood | 2) lymph
57
What does areolar connective tissue consist of?
fibres + several kinds of cells embedded in a semi-fluid ground substance
58
What does adipose tissue consist of?
adipocytes
59
adipocytes
cells specialised to store triglycerides as a large centrally located droplet
60
triglycerides
fats
61
What does reticular connective tissue consist of?
a network of interlacing reticular fibres + reticular cells
62
What does dense regular connective tissue consist of?
collagen fibres regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts present in rows between bundles
63
What does dense irregular connective tissue consist of?
predominantly of collagen fibres randomly arranged + a few fibroblasts
64
What does elastic connective tissue consist of?
predominantly of freely branching elastic fibres with fibroblasts present in spaces between fibres
65
What does hyaline cartilage consist of?
a bluish-white, shiny ground substance with thin, fine collagen fibres + many chondrocytes
66
What is the most abundant type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
67
What does fibrocartilage consist of?
chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibres within the extracellular matrix
68
What does elastic cartilage consist of?
chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibres within the extracellular matrix
69
What does compact bone tissue consist of?
osteons that contain lamella. lacunae, osteocyte, canaliculi, + a central canal
70
What does spongy bone tissue consist of?
thin columns with red bone marrow filling spaces between the columns
71
What does blood consist of?
blood plasma + formed elements, red blood cells, white blood cells, + platelets
72
erythrocytes
red blood cells
73
leukocytes
white blood cells
74
thrombocytes
platelets
75
What does lymph consist of?
several types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix
76
germinal centre
site within secondary lymphoid organs (lymph node + spleen)

Cells to Systems (4 decks)

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