Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cells to Systems > cell structure, membrane transport + ionic homeostasis > Flashcards

cell structure, membrane transport + ionic homeostasis Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

1) simple cells without nucleus

2) mostly unicellular bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

complex cells with nucleus + organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

outer, limiting membrane that separates cell’s internal parts from extracellular fluid/external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

1) regulates flow of materials into/out of cell
2) identifies cell to other cells
3) participates in intercellular signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

arrangement of molecules in two parallel sheets in cellular membrane that acts as barrier to polar substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

gatekeepers that allow passage to specific molecules/ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give some example of plasma membrane proteins.

A

1) ion channel (integral)
2) carrier (integral)
3) receptor (integral)
4) enzyme (integral + peripheral)
5) linker (integral + peripheral)
6) glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of ion channel proteins?

A

allows specific ions to move through water-filled pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of receptor proteins?

A

recognises specific ligands + alters cell’s function in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

catalyses reaction inside/outside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of linker proteins?

A

1) anchors filaments inside + outside plasma membrane
2) provides structural stability + shape for cell
3) may participate in movement of cell/link 2 cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

distinguishes your cell’s from anyone else’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do substances move across cellular membranes?

A

via passive/active transport processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in passive processes?

A

substance moves down concentration/electrical gradient using only its kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in active processes?

A

cellular energy used to drive substance “uphill” against concentration/electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cellular energy used in active processes?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

cytosol + all organelles except nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

small, threadlike structure in nucleus of cell that bears genetic material; composed of DNA + proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

lipid that is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues; located in cell membranes + used for synthesis of steroid hormones + bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cytosol (intracellular fluid)?

A

semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles + inclusions are suspended + solutes are dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What factors influence the rate of diffusion across plasma membranes?

A

1) steepness of concentration gradient
2) temperature
3) mass of diffusing substance
4) surface area
5) diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does steepness of the concentration gradient influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the greater the difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane, the higher the rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does temperature influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does mass of the diffusing substance influence the rate of diffusion?
the larger the mass, the slower the diffusion rate
26
How does surface area influence the rate of diffusion?
the larger the membrane surface area available for diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate
27
How does diffusion distance influence the rate of diffusion?
the greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes
28
What is simple diffusion?
passive process in which substances move freely through lipid bilayer of plasma membranes of cells without help of membrane transport proteins
29
What moves across the lipid bilayer through simple diffusion?
1) nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules | 2) small, uncharged polar molecules
30
Give some examples of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules.
1) oxygen 2) carbon dioxide 3) nitrogen gases 4) fatty acids 5) steroids 6) fat-soluble vitamins
31
Give some examples of small, uncharged polar molecules.
1) water 2) urea 3) small alcohols
32
What is facilitated diffusion?
passive process in which an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane
33
What is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion?
process in which a solute moves down concentration gradient through membrane channel
34
What are channels?
integral membrane proteins that allow specific, small, inorganic ions to pass across the membrane by facilitated diffusion
35
What are carriers?
integral membrane proteins that undergo changes in shape in order to move substances across the membrane by facilitated diffusion
36
What do the mechanisms of gating (opening/closing) depend on?
1) voltage 2) ligands 3) temperature 4) pH 5) mechanical stress
37
osmosis
passive net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to one of lower water concentration
38
What is osmosis opposed by?
hydrostatic pressure
39
How can water pass through plasma membrane?
1) through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion | 2) through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)
40
tonicity
measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
41
antiporters
carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions
42
symporters
carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction
43
vesicle
small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane
44
endocytosis
materials moving into a cell in a vesicle
45
What are the types of endocytosis?
1) receptor-.mediated endocytosis 2) phagocytosis 3) bulk-phase endocytosis
46
exocytosis
vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid
47
transcytosis
combination of endocytosis + exocytosis
48
phagocytosis
phagocyte engulfs large particles such as viruses/bacteria/dead cells
49
What are the 2 types of phagocytes?
1) macrophages | 2) neutrofils
50
What is exocytosis important for?
neurotransmitter signalling
51
exocytosis
release of materials from cells
52
cytosol
intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles
53
organelles
specialised structures within a cell
54
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol
55
What are the 3 types of cytoskeletons?
1) microfilaments 2) intermediate filaments 3) microtubules
56
microfilaments
generate movement/mechanical support
57
intermediate filaments
stabilise organelle positions/attach cells together
58
microtubules
determine cell shape/movement of organelles + vesicles
59
cilia
short, hair-like projections from the cell surface that move fluids along a cell surface
60
flagella
long projections that move an entire cell
61
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
62
Where are ribosomes found?
attached to outer surface of nuclear membrane + endoplasmic reticulum
63
What do ribosomes contain?
large amounts of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
64
endoplasmic reticulum
network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs/tubules
65
rough endoplasmic reticulum
connected to the nuclear envelope, a series of flattened sacs whose surface is stuffed with ribosomes
66
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum produce?
secretory/membrane/organellar proteins
67
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
network of membrane tubules without ribosomes that synthesises fatty acids + steroids/detoxifies certain drugs
68
golgi complex
3-20 flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae
69
What does the golgi complex do?
modify/sort/package proteins for transport to different destinations
70
lysosomes
vesicles that form from the golgi complex + contain powerful digestie enzymes
71
peroxisomes
vesicles that detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol, using oxidase enzymes
72
Where are peroxisomes abundant?
liver
73
proteasomes
vesicles that continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, faulty proteins
74
Where are proteasomes found?
cytosol + nucleus
75
What do proteasomes contain?
a multitude of protease enzymes
76
What is the role of mitochondria?
generates ATP by aerobic respiration
77
Where are mitochondria prevalent?
active cells (muscles/liver/kidney)
78
What shape is the nucleus?
spherical/oval
79
nuclear envelope
double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
80
nuclear pores
numerous openings in the nuclear envelope that control movement of substances between nucleus + cytoplasm
81
nucleolous
spherical body that produces ribosomes
82
What are the 3 main parts of a eukaryotic cell?
1) plasma membrane 2) cytoplasm 3) nucleus
83
How many chromosomes are there in most cells of the human body?
46
84
What are the non-polar parts of phospholipids?
fatty acid tail groups
85
Most intravenous solutions are ? with respect to blood cells.
isotonic
86
What is the site of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA + proteins into ribosomal subunits?
rough endoplasmic reticulum??????????
87
What other organelle besides the nucleus contains DNA?
golgi complex??????????
88
What organelle engulfs worn-out organelles, digests its chemical components, and recycles them?
lysosomes?????????

Cells to Systems (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions