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4010 Key areas of psych > bioPsych > Flashcards

bioPsych Flashcards

1
Q

brain anatomy - outline the current approaches for looking at the brain

A

neuroscience - study nervous systems

biopsych, psychophysiology

psychopharmacology - effects of drugs

neuropsychology - psych tests to asses functional consequences of brain damage - maps behaviour changes in brain damage. i.e., phineas gage

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2
Q

brain anatomy - what is biopsych

A

studies influence of biological systems of behaviour
primary focus is on the CNS.
behaviour is anything involving an action in response to a stimulus.

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3
Q

brain anatomy - is the biopsych approach reductionist

A

YES
- it solely aims to look at physiological factors but ignores social-psychological reasons which determine behaviour.

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4
Q

brain anatomy - outline the brain & mind

A

brain - physical being and location

mind - deemed a figure of the thoughts you have, not without the brain.

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5
Q

brain anatomy - outline the history of the brain and mind

A
  • Aristotle thought the mind and thus thoughts resided in the heart.
  • Hippocrates identified the brain as the source of human thought and actions, debunking Aristotles theory.
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6
Q

brain anatomy - discuss a physician Galen

A
  • found that through observation that damaged hearts in gladiators they survived, damage or pressure to their brains found many died.
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7
Q

brain anatomy - outline phernology

A

the process of feeling the skull to determine someones psychological attributes

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8
Q

brain anatomy - outline what dorsal means

A

known as superior, upper section of the brain, coolest to top of head.

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9
Q

brain anatomy - outline what ventral means

A

AKA inferior.
this is the lower section of the brain closest to the neck.

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10
Q

brain anatomy - outline what rostral means

A

AKA anterior.
this is the frontal section of the brain closet to the face and facial features

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11
Q

brain anatomy - outline what caudal means

A

AKA posterior.
the rear section of the brain and the back of the head.

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12
Q

brain anatomy - outline some of the anatomical terms.
(dorsolateral, midsagittal, ventrolateral)

A

dorsolateral -> top-edge of the brain

midsagittal -> like a cross section through the middle of a brain

ventrolateral -> lower section of the brain.

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13
Q

brain anatomy - outline brain sections as seen on MRI scans.

A

slices of the brain.

coronal - plane passing through two ears parallel

sagittal - plane passing through the nose and bump at lower back of the head

horizontal - parallel to the floor when standing, transverse section.

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14
Q

brain anatomy - outline the hindbrain

A

posterior section of the brain, included the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

functions:
- balance, equilibrium, co-ordination, sensory info and autonomic control.

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15
Q

brain anatomy - outline the midbrain

A

the smallest section of the brain, acts as a relay station for auditory and visual info.
major structures -> tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus.

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16
Q

brain anatomy - outline the forebrain

A

major section of the brain containing 2 hemispheres.
the outer section is cerebral cortex.
important structures is thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and basal ganglia.

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17
Q

brain anatomy - what is the thalamus

A

lies under the cerebral cortex and acts as a relay station

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18
Q

brain anatomy - what is the hypothalamus

A

is a small area ventral to the thalamus, regulates feeding, drinking and sexual behaviour, temperature.

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19
Q

brain anatomy - what is the basal ganglia

A

sub-cortical structures which form important connections in the brain.
involved in movement, attention, learning and remembering.

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20
Q

brain anatomy - what is the hippocampus

A

sea horse shaped structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
main function is memory and forming associations.

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21
Q

brain anatomy - what is the pons and medulla

A

forms the brain stem
the pons connects the medulla oblongata to the midbrain and forms connections to the spinal cord.

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22
Q

brain anatomy - outline what the cerebral cortex is

A

it is a layer of grey matter covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere.

it accommodates an enormous number of neurones.

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23
Q

brain anatomy - the lobes - frontal lobe & prefrontal cortex

A

situated at the front of the brain before the central sulcus.

contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex.

the prefrontal cortex is a higher order of functions.

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24
Q

brain anatomy - the lobes - frontal lobe and executive functions.

A

includes autonomic actions and controlled actions.

a) focusing attentions on relevant info and inhibit irrelevant.

b) scheduling complex tasks

c) planning sequence of subtasks

d) monitoring contents for tasks

e) coding

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25
Q

brain anatomy - the lobes - the parietal lobe
(inc. superior and inferior)

A

this is situated between the occipital lobe and central cortex, the post central gyrus receives signals from touch.

superior parietal lobe integrates sensory info.

inferior parietal lobe contains angular gyrus which understands metaphors and maths.

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26
Q

brain anatomy - the lobes - the occipital lobe

A

receives visual info, the primary visual area is called the striate area.

damage can lead to cortical blindness.

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27
Q

brain anatomy - the lobes - the temporal lobe

A

primary cortical target for auditory information, and is associated to perception of movement and facial recognition.

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28
Q

brain anatomy - what are the 3 areas of functional localisation in the cerebral cortex

A

sensory, association nd motor.

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29
Q

brain anatomy - functional localisation - sensory area

A

primary area, and secondary sensory area

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30
Q

brain anatomy - functional localisation - motor area

A

primary motor area, secondary motor area and contains the supplementary motor area

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31
Q

brain anatomy - functional localisation - association area

A

parietal, occipital and temporal cortex - conceptual elaboration of sensory data.

prefrontal cortex - judgement and foresight.

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32
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - why are neurones important

A

they are the mechanisms behind psychological disorders, drugs work through them, how our brain and body communicate with each other.

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33
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - outline some disorders of the nervous system

A

parkisnons, huntingtons, multiple sclerosis and alzheimers

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34
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - outline the role of the nervous system

A

consists of the brain, nerves and spinal cord

collects information from the internal and external env.

processes and integrates information.

35
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what are the two cell types in the CNS

A

neurons

supporting cells (glia and glial that provide chemical support)

36
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - describe the structure of a neurone

A
  • neurones consist of dendrites that receive signals, this signal travels through the cell body (soma) and along the axon which is a fibre that contains the impulse.
  • along the axon are the nodes of ranvier and the myelin sheath.
  • the sheath is made of Schwann cells which insulate the axon and contains gaps for the impulse to jump (NoR)
37
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what are afferent sensory neurones

A

these neurones transmit information to the CNS about internal and external info.
the info communicated is pain, temp, pressure and hunger.

38
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what are efferent motor neurones

A

these transmit info from the CNS, carry signals to muscles, skin and glands and allow us to move eat and sweat.

39
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - outline what an interneurone is

A

connect various neurones within the CNS to form a complex network and integrate information received from afferent neurones.

40
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what is the Glia

A

the Glia are helper cells which transmit no information, they also insulate and protect neurones (schwann cells)

41
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what is an impulse?

A

this is the way a message is send along neurones, it is associated to reception, conduction, electrochemical signals and transmission.

42
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - name the 3 important substances of neuronal transmission

A

sodium ions
potassium ions
calcium ions

43
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what is the order of Ana action potential

A

resting potential
depolarisation
repolarisation
hyperpolarisation

44
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - outline what a resting potential is

A

the neurone is at rest and no impulse is transmitted.

the neurone is positive outside relative to the inside, more Na+ ions inside axon than K+ ions.
Na+ try to enter and K+ leave the neurone, concentration gradient.
concentration gradient is maintained by sodium-potassium pump.

the membrane is polarised

45
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - define what happens in depolarisation

A

the neurone receives a signal and the Na+ channels open.

the Na+ ions flow in and the axon becomes positively charged relative to the outside.

depolarisation reaches +30/40mV

46
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - define what happens in repolarisation

A

Na+ channels close and K+ open

the K+ ions flow out and the outside becomes positively charged relative to the outside.

47
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - define what happens in hyper-polarisation

A

K+ channels open and close slowly enabling them to diffuse out.

the membrane potential drops below -70mV - overshoot

this corrects by Na+ and K+ ions leaking through he membrane which returns in it back to resting potential, this is known as the refractory period when no action potential can occur.

48
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - outline the all-or-nothing principle

(include intensity, rapid succession)

A

if a stimulus is above a certain threshold the neurone will fire, the strength of an action potential is dependent on the stimulus intensity.

(rapid succession indicates a higher intensity)

49
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - how do anaesthetic drugs stop action potentials

A

they attach themselves to the Na+ channels which prevent Na+ entering the neurone stopping action potentials.

receptors scream pain but the message cannot be transmitted.

50
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what occurs to neurone in someone with MS

A

the immune system strips the myelin off the nerve which slows down messages.
this images the nerve fibres with increasing disability overtime.

51
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what is a chemical synapse

A

the action potential reaches the terminal end of the pre-synaptic neurone causing calcium channels to open letting calcium ions in.

synaptic vesicles move and fuse to the pre-synaptic membrane and neurotransmitters then fuse to receptors on Post-syn membrane.

52
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what are neurotransmitters

A

these are chemicals important to synaptic transmission and are released by a single action potential.

they influence various functions like sleep, heart rate & appetite.

53
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what is a excitatory neurotransmitter

A

these increase the likelihood a neurone will fire an action potential.

noradrenaline

54
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

these decrease the likelihood a neurone will fire an action potential

serotonin.

55
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - name a neurotransmitter that is both inhibitory and excitatory

A

acetylcholine

56
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what impact do drugs have on neurotransmitter

A

some can influence the uptake, by either facilitation or inhibition

antagonist -> block neurotransmitters

agonist - mimic neurotransmitters

57
Q

neurones and neurotransmitters - what are stimulant drugs and what do they do

A

amphetamine, cocaine and Ritalin suppress the re-uptake of dopamine

large doses impair attention and small doses enhance.

58
Q

sensory systems - outline the role of sensory systems

A

they perceive environmental stimuli through mechanisms, these have receptors in specialised cells that detect changes in both environments.

59
Q

sensory systems - what is the law of specific nerve energy

A

whatever excited a nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that particular nerve.

60
Q

sensory systems - what are the 6 systems

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equillibrium, somatic senses

61
Q

sensory systems - outline sensory pathways

A

stimulus is physical energy, these receptors act as a transducer which convert energy.

stimulus - threshold - action potential to CNS

62
Q

sensory systems - name the cortical sensory areas

A

vestibular cortex
somatosensory cortex
gustatory cortex
visual cortex
olfactory cortex
auditory cortex

63
Q

sensory systems - outline intensity coding

A

a stronger stimulus occurs when multiple sensory units are stimulated.

64
Q

sensory systems - briefly outline types of receptors

A

mechanoreceptors -touch, pressure & vibration

thermoreceptors - temp changes

photoreceptors - light energy

chemoreceptors - chemical response

nociceptors - sensitive to stimuli of pain

osmorecpetors - detect concentration changes

baroreceptors - pressure changes

65
Q

sensory systems - outline receptor locations (extero, intero, proprio)

A

exteroceptors - stimuli arising from outside the body, inc. pressure, pain, temp and touch

interoceptors - receive stimuli from internal viscera

proprioceptors - monitor degree of stretch in musculoskeletal organs.

66
Q

sensory systems - vision - what are the two photoreceptor cells in the eye

A

rod cells and cone cells

67
Q

sensory systems - vision - outline what rod cells are

A

1 type
they have high convergence to one bipolar cells
low visual acuity
sensitive to low light levels
black and white
fast response
high density in periphery

68
Q

sensory systems - vision - outline what cone cells are

A

3 types
low convergence, bipolar cell 1:1
high visual acuity
sensitive to moderate light
slow response
colours are seen
high density in fovea

69
Q

sensory systems - vision - what are the 3 types of cone cells

A

S-cones - blue cones, short wavelength

M-cones - green cones, medium wavelength

L-cones - red cones, long wavelength

70
Q

sensory systems - vision - describe the visual pathway

A

input from the left visual field is projected in the right semi-retina in each eye.

info from the right hemisphere-retina of each eye travels to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

half the optic fibres cross the optic chasm.

71
Q

sensory systems - vision - explain the pathways from the eye to the brain
(cortical route and subcortical)

A

the cortical route -> retina - LGN - visual cortex

subcortical route -> retina - hypothalamus (circadian rhythm)

retina -> superior colliculus (eye movement)

72
Q

sensory systems - audition - what is hearing and what does it include

A

sound is heard by the ear.

measured in amplitude, measured in frequency of hertz - which is the number of compressions per second.

the louder the sound the more neurones that fire.

the louder the sound intensity the more the basilar membrane is displaced.

73
Q

sensory systems - audition - outline what the external ear contains

A
  • the auricle which helps direct sounds
  • the external acoustic meatus which is lined with skin and contains hairs and sebaceous glands.
  • contains a tympanic membrane which forms the boundary between the external and middle ear.
74
Q

sensory systems - audition - outline what the middle ear contains

A
  • the tympanic cavity is a small air-filled space located in the petrous portion of the bone.
  • the medial wall is penetrated by the oval and round window,
  • pharyngotympanic tube links the middle ear to the pharynx
75
Q

sensory systems - audition - outline what the inner ear contains

A

a cavity that consists of three parts

  • semicircular canals
  • vestibule
  • cochlea
76
Q

sensory systems - audition - the cochlea

A
  • the cochlear duct contains receptors for hearing
  • consists of hair cells
77
Q

sensory systems - what is the auditory pathway from organ of corti

A

transmits info from cochlear receptors to the cerebral cortex

78
Q

sensory systems - taste - what is taste

A

taste is what someone senses when they eat foods.

taste receptors occur on the tastebuds on the tongues surface
taste buds are located within tongue papillae

79
Q

sensory systems - taste - gustation pathway for tastebuds

A
  • taste information reaches the cerebral
  • this primarily through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerve
  • some taste info is transported through the vagus nerve
  • sensory neurone synapse is in the medulla.
80
Q

sensory systems - smell - outline olfaction

A
  • the olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptors, supporting cells and basal cells.
  • olfactory receptors are modified neurones.
  • the surfaces are coated with secretions from olfactory glands
  • reception involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they interact with odorant binding proteins.
81
Q

sensory systems - olfactory receptors

A
  • bipolar neurones located in the olfactory epithelium
  • dendrite projects into the nasal cavity
  • axon projects directly up into olfactory bulb of cerebrum
  • the olfactory bulb projects to olfactory cortex, hippocampus and amygdaloid.
82
Q

sensory systems - outline olfactory and gustation in COVID-19

A

many c19 patients show olfactory and gustation problems.

olfactory related to binding of SARS-COV-2 virus to the olfactory epithelial cells

gustatory - loss o taste due to binding of SARS-COV-2 to receptors of sialic acid.

83
Q

sensory systems - somatosensory - define somatosensory

A

pain -> evoked by a harmful stimulus
impulses are carried slowly from pain receptors, pain axons release neurotransmitters in the spinal cord.

84
Q

sensory systems - somatosensory - what are the somatosensory locations

A

vestibular
gustation
olfactory lob e
auditory
visual

4010 Key areas of psych (4 decks)

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