developmental psych Flashcards
(41 cards)
general principles - what is development
dev. is the process of change linked to age which characterises all human from conception up to death.
general principles - what are the developmental processes
age - which does little after childhood we have long periods when there is minimal development.
maturation - large role in developmental change, this is genetically canalised processes that contribute.
experience - causes learning which is a fundamental in development
general principles - outline the periods of development
prenatal
infancy
early childhood
mid/late childhood
adolescence
emerging adulthood
young adulthood
middle adulthood
late adulthood
general principles - what is childhood
childhood is not a purely cultural construct, however cultures vary in their perceptions of it
the developmental period being draw out is an evolutionary adaptation to allow extended cognitive development.
general principles - what is the applied need?
adults are needed to look after children, so many psychological mechanisms for looking after children have been developed.
dev. psych is streamlined at making children lives better and help the develop.
general principles - what is the theoretical need
to understand what a human being is, development must be studied.
general principles - how does the American infants study show how development is effected
- the infants raised in a prison nursery still had the ability to see their parents and make their primary bond. this is what orphans don’t have.
- the orphans would ave also potential had multiple primary caregivers non who were constant, so no secure attachments were made.
-
general principles - outline the practical issues with developmental research.
design:
- experimental vs correlational
- cross-sectional vs longitudinal vs sequential
- individual focused vs sample focused
methodological issues:
- naturalistic v lab
- qualitative v quantitative
general principles - outline experimental vs correlational
- correlational designs leave unanswered questions about what the cause is, no causal effect
- experimental designs tell you whether A causes B.
general principles - outline cross-sectional vs longitudinal
- cross-sec individuals of diff ages are all measured together at a single time
- longitudinal individuals are followed over time
general principles - outline individual focused v sample focused designs
- focuses on an individuals development and is so in so much detail.
- sample masks an individuals own growth spurt jumps.
general principles - what is gender-neutral pedagogy
- known as norm-conscious pedagogy, aims to reduce socialisation to gender role and increases behaviour choice.
- investigations indicate that teachers in pre-schools are aware of their gender biased behaviour.
general principles - what is gender-neutral pedagogy
- known as norm-conscious pedagogy, aims to reduce socialisation to gender role and increases behaviour choice.
- investigations indicate that teachers in pre-schools are aware of their gender biased behaviour.
general principles - outline the known study on GN pedagogy
- 30 children who experienced GN pedagogy and 50 children normal children were tested on a task.
- they were asked who was more likely to play with a certain toy that holds gender associations.
general principles - outline nature and nurture
nature is the role of genetics In determining behaviour
nurture is the role of family, society and education.
nature and nurture happen to all, development cannot occur with our both.
general principles - outline what is meant by heritability
- how much variation in the trait is accounted for by someones genes
- heritability of 0 means the trait is not due to genes.
general principles - what is genetic canalisation
the ability for population to produce the same phenotype.
general principles - what are developmental cascades
- a minor inherited differences causes a large variation in the phenotype
- genes hold higher influence as you age due to cumulative effects.
general principles - outline ontogenetic and deferred adaptation
ontogenetic -> behaviours vital for survival in the juvenile stage, such as crying.
deferred -> primary purpose to improve fitness.
general principles - discuss cognitive development and how it moved beyond behaviourism
(constructivism)
- founder of constructivism Piaget determined it was vital to moved beyond behaviourism
constructivism states that individuals seek info that allows them to build shams (mental structures) that provide support for cognitive development.
general principles - what is assimilation I’m piagetian constructivist process of development
this is acting to understand a new aspect of the env. using an already existing scheme.
general principles - what is accommodation in piagetian constructivist process of development.
when someone modifies their schema in light of new information which does not fit the existing schema.
infant cognition - outline babies is regards to perceive
- to perceive babies need a perceptual experience in development
- multi sensory exp. is key, this is actively exploring the world.
infant cognition - outline touch
touch involves receptor channels providing info about pressure, temp and pain
haptic perception is touch and muscle use.
