Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4010 Key areas of psych > cognitive psych > Flashcards

cognitive psych Flashcards

1
Q

perception - how many senses do we have?

A

5 - vision, audition, gustation, olfaction & somatoception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception - give an example of 4 newly found external senses?

A

thermoreception, chronoreception, nociception & equillibrioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

perception - what is proprioception?

A

the sense of self-movement and body positioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

perception - describe visual perception

A

visual perception is not just the ability to detect light patterns, it is also the ability to determine surfaces in the environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

perception - how is visual perception achieved

A

light is received in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment and giving this empty information meaning.
this provides us with many survival functions as it is processed rapidly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

perception - outline object perception

A

the ability to determine what is and isn’t an object
this includes -> navigation, understanding objects in spatial areas and seeing danger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

perception - outline and explain Gestalt’s principles of perception

A
  • Gestalt psych bags in 20th century
  • says that objects are perceived as well organised pattern rather than separate and individual.
  • it describes the organisation of single elements into a coherent whole which it greater than the sum of the parts.
  • these laws are principles that the brain uses to organise a visual scene.
  • bottom up and top down processing….
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

perception - what is bottom up processing in Gestalts principles

A

when sensory info is taken and assembled into what someone is seeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

perception - what is top-down processing

A

when pre-existing models are used to interpret sensory information.
may have seen it before.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

perception - outline biological limitations of visual perception

A
  • some people have visual issues which results in the need for glasses or corrective surgery.
  • light and sensory info is processed slower/
  • these individuals may have increased cone cells in the fovea and therefore colour sensitivity in these cells, there rod cells are therefore more sensitive to light.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

perception - how eye movements impact perception and attention
(inc - 2 factors affecting attention)

A
  • eye movements direct the fovea which improves vision of field.
  • constant fixation of eyes and eye movement is controlled by ligaments and tendons known as Saccade.
  • attention shifts precede eye movements
  • two factors affect the deployment of attention -> top-down and stimulus-driven.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

perception - outline the two factors affecting attention deployment

A

stimulus-driven -> attention is focused by flashing lights, bright object or moving ones.

top-down -> is focused now hat your looking for and what interests you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

perception - outline depth perception and ocular cues.

A

depth perception is how a brain determines the distance of an object, it uses ocular cues known as monocular and binocular cues.

for ocular cues:
- MONOCULAR - accommodation where the ones contracts when an object in near to the main focus

  • BINOCULAR - convergence when the eyes turn inwards as something is close to us.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

perception - outline and describe stereopsis in depth perception

A

this is where visual info is processed in the occipital lobe via LGN, spatial configuration is maintained and the image is upside down.

this is where the image is flipped, both visual fields project the images to the contralateral hemisphere, and the retinas have 2 images which are combined to create a coherent object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

perception - outline and describe what kinetic cues are in depth perception
(inc motion parallax, optic flow)

A

kinetic cues are visual features that provide insight as to the ditch of an object.

motion parallax - the difference in the info received by both eyes, i.e., closer objects move faster relative to stationary object in the back.

optic flow is the impression of visual info moving towards or away from us as we move. a position change caused displacement of the optic array.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

perception - outline pictorial clues and the sub-parts

A

2D visual info like a photo can be depicted about distance and form a 3D image.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

perception - pictorial cues - Perspective

A

where parallel lines converge at infinity, how something is seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

perception - pictorial cues - relative size

A

objects may be the same size but the one that is closer seems larger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

perception - pictorial cues - familiar size

A

the distance of an object seen everyday is seen relative to the size it is reflected on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

perception - pictorial cues - aerial perspective

A

light is scattered by the atmosphere, so further away may appear more blue and hazy which indicates the distance of it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

perception - pictorial cues - occlusion

A

this is when an object is blocked by something in front and is not always seen correctly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

perception - pictorial cues - texture gradient

A

things further away tend to appear much more densely packed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

perception - pictorial cues - elevation

A

object closer to the horizon are deemed as further away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

language - outline language briefly

A
  • main way information is recorded and transmitted
  • how laws are established
  • sports use language to rely on codified rule
  • an important medium of arts like literature.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

language - outline the 7 language functions of stated by David Crystal

A

communication, thinking, social interaction, recorded information, expressed emotions, expressed identity, control of the environment i.e., crowds.

26
Q

language - what is language?

A
  • a cognitive system that uses sounds and symbols to enable the expression of thoughts, feelings and ideas.
  • spoken words, scripts sign language all use language
  • language in human communication is abstract with responses that aren’t fixed.
  • language allows the transmission of information between people.
27
Q

language - outline the universality of human language

A
  • language is not universal, there are over 7000 of them
  • the capacity for language in the brain has risen and the brain has increased in size and complexity to accommodate this
  • they differ but are common, people have the capacity to speak many on them.
28
Q

language - study of nicaraguan children

A
  • motivation to learn language strong, so much so that it can be created in isolation.
  • children in a nicaraguan deaf school were linguistically disconnected from teachers but in the yard communicated using gestures and a porto-language emerged.
  • complexity increased and verb agreements created.
29
Q

language - are languages fixed.

A

NO
languages are constantly evolving over time

an example: English
old, middle modern English.

30
Q

language - what were the key features (5) stated by Hockett in 1958 that state the key features of human language

A
  • semanticity
  • arbitrariness
  • transmission
  • displacement
  • productivity
31
Q

language - outline semanticity (Hockett 1958)

A
  • the quality that a linguistic system can convey meanings, particularly in physical reality,
  • without this someone is guessing word meaning.
32
Q

language - outline arbitrariness (Hockett 1958)

A
  • symbols given to things are arbitrary. i.e., different languages use different words for the same symbol
33
Q

language - outline transmission (Hockett 1958)

A
  • language is acquired from other speakers of that language
  • social transmission is when knowledge is passed between people.
34
Q

language - outline displacement (Hockett 1958)

A
  • things can be verbalised and discussed although not spatially present
  • yesterday, tomorrow.
35
Q

language - outline productivity (Hockett 1958)

A
  • linguistic elements are combined to make a sentence
  • you may have never heard this sentence before but will understand it.
36
Q

language - what are the 6 levels of language

A

phonology - sounds
morphology - word formation
syntax - structure and order of words
semantics - using language to convey meaning
pragmatics - context of language
lexicon - words within language

37
Q

language - outline syntax vs semantics

A

syntax refers to grammar and sentence structure
semantics is the meaning of a well structured sentence

38
Q

language - outline syntactic

A

the rules governing how words can be performed to form part of lexicon.

this is independent of semantics, sentences can be syntactically correct but make 0 sense.

39
Q

language - outline pragmatics

A

pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning.
pragmatics is contextually bound.

40
Q

language - discuss phonology and phonemes

A

phonemes are individuals components which words are formed.

phonology is the laws that govern the composition and combination of speech sounds in a language.

41
Q

language - outline morphology itself and in language productivity

A

morphology is the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning, a single morpheme is a word such as dog.

within language morphology new words can be created, i.e., twitter, tweet, re-tweet, tweetable.

42
Q

language - outline speech processing

A

speech can be processed at rapid rates
when listening to a native tongue it is easy but a second language is much harder.

43
Q

language - outline the roles of bottom-up and top-down processing

A

bottom-up -> processing of acoustics from speech signals

top-down -> is our knowledge of the world

44
Q

language - outline the McGurk effect

A

this is an auditory-visual illusion that illustrates how perceivers merge information of speech sounds across their senses.

e.g., “ba” while seeing the face of a person articulate “ga,” many adults perceive the sound “da,” a third sound which is a blend of the two

45
Q

language - does language cross-over into animals

A

yes.
animal communication however lacks. the productivity requirement that human language does, due to less signals.

46
Q

language - case study -> clever Hans

A
  • was a horse in the early 20th century who was taught to do many tasks by William Van Olsen
  • he learnt 10+10 = 20, where he responded with 20 knocks on wood by hooves.

he was reacting to repeated non-verbal cues by his trainer, he could only answer when his trainer was there

this showed the language limitations of animals.

47
Q

problem solving - outline what problem solving is

A

Mayer (1990) states that it is a cognitive processing that is directed at transforming the given situation into a goal when no obvious method is available.
it’s the identification of solutions to problems.

48
Q

problem solving - describe how a level of expertise is needed.
(inc. kundel at al.)

A

draws on many cognitive processes such as reasoning, judgement and decision making.
an example is a GP gathering patient info for solution, a junior doctor will differ from a consultant.

Kundel et al. said that medical experts engage in implicit reasoning while novices rely on explicit.

49
Q

problem solving - outline implicit and explicit reasoning

A

implicit -> fast, automatic, not associated to conscious awareness - global

explicit -> slow, deliberate and associated to conscious awareness - analytical

50
Q

problem solving - outline a well-defined problem

A

all necessary information is available from the outset.
the info includes initial state of the problem,, the goal, the permissible move (legal) an operator restriction (constraint).

i.e., finding a street in a city.

51
Q

problem solving - ill-defined problem

A

there is a lack of clarity from the outset, the is known but there is no guidance on how to get to get to the goal.
the problem must be defined, any background knowledge.

52
Q

problem solving - what are the two problem types regarding knowledge

A

knowledge rich -> solved only when specific information is known

knowledge lean -> extra specific knowledge isn’t needed here.

53
Q

problem solving - outline the Gestalt approach

A
  • involves productive thinking
  • where complex problem need to be seen in a new way to the initial view
  • the problem needs to be restructured.
54
Q

problem solving - what is productive thinking

A
  • where someones rental representation of the problem needs to be reorganised to gain a non-dominant interpretation
55
Q

problem solving - outline what incubation is

A

the problem is left alone for a bit to allow an easier solve
this allows one to forget any misleading and incorrect information

56
Q

problem solving - outline Sio & Omerod 2009 study. - incubation

A

conducted meta-analysis:

  • incubation effects 73% of studies, it had a stronger + influence on creative problems with multiple available solutions
  • they found that more sleep enhanced the performance of people of harder problems.
57
Q

problem solving - how is a problem restructured.
(Ohlsson 1992, representational change theory)

A
  • to break the impasses met the problems presentations is changed.
  1. constraint relaxation where permissible info is left.
  2. re-encoding where aspects are interpreted differently.
  3. elaboration - new problem info is added.
58
Q

problem solving - outline insightful and non-insightful problem solving

A

Metcalfe & Welbe 1979 found differences.

insightful -> poor at predicting success of problems

non-insightful -> often predict the ability to solve the problems before attempting to do so.

59
Q

problem solving - outline what is meant by mental set by Einstellung

A

people use practised strategies to approach a problem when it may be sub-optimal technique

someones mental set is so strong that they cannot complete the problem.

60
Q

problem solving - outline what is meant by the computational approach by Newell & Simon 1972

A
  • problem space theory that consists of thinking aloud to abstract general PS approaches.

they assumed, info processing is serial, we have limited capacity of STM, relevant info is brought from the LTM.

created a computer programme to solve well-defined problems.

4010 Key areas of psych (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions