BioPsych Exam 3 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Digestion
A
breaking down food and absorbing its constituents
2
Q
Parotid Gland
A
by ear
- when you eat something sour it activates
- secrets chemicals that break down starch
3
Q
Salivary gland
A
along jawline
- Lubricates the food as it is chewed so it can work its way down the esophagus
4
Q
Esophagus
A
pushes food down to the stomach
5
Q
stomach
A
“holding place” for food
- Hydraulic acid breaks down food in the stomach
6
Q
Pyloric Sphincter
A
opens and closes to regulate how much food moves out into the intestines
- like a faucet
7
Q
Duodenum
A
First third of the small intestine
- Sugars, amino acids, fats, are absorbed in duodenum
- Simple sugars, glucose, and amino acids easily pass through
- Fats pass through channels in the duodenum to make it to the bloodstream
8
Q
Jejunum
A
absorbs extra nutrients that the duodenum didnt get
9
Q
Ileum
A
- Picking up any remains
- Usually doesn’t get much
- Absorbs lots of Vitamins, minerals, water
10
Q
Energy delivered
A
- lipid and fatty acid
— fats - amino acids
— protein - glucose
— sugar
11
Q
Energy stored
A
- triglyceride
— stored under the skin - Protein
— stored in muscle tissue - Glycogen
— stored in liver and muscle tissue
— type of sugar, easily converted
12
Q
Cephalic Phase and Absorptive phase
A
insulin levels are high / glucagon levels are low
- before you eat, can be triggered by thinking or smelling food
13
Q
Fasting phase
A
no longer absorbing nutrients
- food has moved through small intestine and we now rely on stored energy
14
Q
evolution of tastes
A
typically prefer sweet, fatty, and salty foods
- In nature, sweet and fatty foods tend to be higher in “nutrient value” and energy, than less sweet/fatty food
- Salty foods are high in sodium, needed for electrolyte balance in the body
- Bitter tastes are typically not favored because they are generally associated with toxins and spoilage
15
Q
modeling of preferences
A
- Prefer flavors found in mother’s milk and on breath of others
- May develop preference for foods eaten by others
16
Q
Vitamins and Minerals
A
- Prefer foods that are good sources of vitamins and minerals, especially when there is a deficiency
17
Q
Pre-meal hunger
A
- People that eat on a schedule , Body knows how much time has passed so the cephalic phase starts
18
Q
Conditioning of Hunger
A
- cues associated with food can trigger cephalic phase then trigger what you want to eat
— always doing the same while eating can cause hunger while doing it
19
Q
Hunger peptides
A
- Ghrelin
- Neuropeptide Y
20
Q
Ghrelin
A
- Hunger peptide
- primarily produced and released by stomach, signaled by duodenum
21
Q
Neuropeptide Y
A
- hunger peptide
- released by neurons in hypothalamus, specifically the arcuate nucleus
- preference for carbs
22
Q
Satiety Signal study on rats
A
when they lowered nutrient level below 50%, they stopped eating all together
23
Q
Satiety Signals
A
- determine how much food we consume
- stopped eating after satisfied
24
Q
appetizer effect
A
if you have a small appetizer, it triggers more hunger
25
Social factors and satiety
we eat more when with other people
26
sensory specific satiety
after you tase a flavor multiple times, decrease positive incentive value
- encourages a varied diet
27
"cafeteria diet"
when animals were given a variety of foods, they ate 84% more than
28
satiety peptides 3
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Peptide YY
- Leptin
29
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- secreted by upper small intestines (duodenum)
-contracts pyloric sphincter so food moves slower, allowing for more time for fats and amino acids to be absorbed
30
Peptide YY
- secreted by cells in ileum
- proportionate to the number of calories in food
31
Leptin
- secreted by subcutaneous adipose cells
- hyperpolarizes NPY neurons
- increases temperature and activity level
32
Serotonin and Satiety
- increases short-term satiety associated with a meal
33
serotonin and satiety in rats
- resisted attraction of highly flavorful diet, and high cal food
- reduced amount of food consumed during meal
34
Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine
- Obesity and appetite suppression drugs (diet pills)
- Combination of serotonin and norepinephrine was deadly
35
glucostatic set point theory
Blood glucose levels need to be stable, when NPY gets released you feel hungry
36
lipostatic set point theory
- Set point for body fat
- When we burn energy and lose triglycerides, we get hungry
37
positive incentive theory
Animals and humans are drawn to eating by the anticipated pleasure of the eating experience
38
Settling Point model
- Weight tends to drift around a natural “settling” point
- The settling point is a level at which the various factors that affect body weight reach equilibrium
39
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
- old view for satiety center
- stimulation resulted in aphagia
- lesions cause hyperphagia (overeating)
40
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) old
- old view for feeding center
- stimulation resulted in hyperphagia and hyperdipsia
- lesions resulted in aphagia, adipsia, less arousal, less movement
41
Lateral hypothalamus (new)
- melanin-concentrating hormone
-orexin
--- increase in eating behavior
--- decrease metabolic rate
--- increase and preserve body energy stores
42
Arcuate nucleus (new)
contains NPY and AgRP neurons
- NPY release stimulates food intake
- AgRP release activated by calorie deficiency
- Turn-on AgRP = voracious eating, even after meal
43
What happens when AgRP is lesioned?
fatal starvation
(starve to death)
44
What do NPY and AgRP neurons have receptors for?
- Ghrelin (hunger)
- Leptin (satiety)
- Peptide YY (satiety)
- Insulin (satiety)
45
learning
Process by which experience change our nervous system and as result change our behavior
46
Memory
Nervous system changes retained over time and how the changes are expressed (recall)
47
Acquisition
- taking in info from environment
- sensory buffers
48
Iconic
- eyes
- less than a second
49
Echoic
- ears
- 2-4 seconds
50
Olfactory
- smell
- 2-4 seconds
51
Haptic
- Touch
- 2 seconds
52
encoding
-When we take some info from sensory buffers and place it into short term memory
--- Things that catch our attention
53
storage
storing of info into our brain
54
Retrieval
- Pull memory from long term memory into performance
--- How you recall, behave
55
Short term memory
- holding place for info from senses
--- capacity of 7-9 chunks
56
working memory
When we rehearse meaningful chunks, and pull from short term and long term memory
57
Consolidation
pushes info into long term
58
long term memory
limitless
59
Explicit memory
- episodic
- semantic
--- medial temporal lobe
60
Implicit Memory
- associative conditioning
- procedural
- priming
- non-associative
61
associative conditioning
- emotional (amygdala)
- Somatic (cerebellum)
--- body changes
62
Procedural
- Striatum
--- habit formation
63
Priming
- sensory cortex
--- past experiences activate memory
64
Non-associative
habituation: losing awareness of regular things
Sensitization: becoming aware of irregular things
- reflex pathways
65
What procedure did HM have and what did it remove
- bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (MTL)
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Rhinal cortical areas
66
retrograde amnesia HM
remember things from the past
67
anterograde amnesia HM
couldn't form new memories
68
digit span +1 test
read digits aloud and add one each time
- could remember 5-6 digits
69
tapping block test
square of 9 blocks and have to repeat the order they are tapped in
- could only repeat 5 blocks
70
Mirror drawing test
draw a star on a paper through a mirror
71
standard consolidation theory
- Squire and Alvarez (1995)
- memories temporarily stored in hippocampus
--- While the hippocampus fires, it stimulates other parts of brain
72
Multiple Trace Theory
- Nadel and Moscovitch (1997)
- Hippocampus and other structures store memories as they occur
- Giant network of connections
73
Donald Hebb (1949)
- If a synapse is repeatedly activated at the same time a postsynaptic neuron fires, changes in the structure or chemistry of the synapse will strengthen it
--- Neurons that fire together, wire together
74
Long term potentiation
- Synapses are effectively made stronger by repeated stimulation
75
how long can LTP last?
24 hours to many weeks
76
LTP only occurs if...
pre-synaptic firing is followed very soon by post-synaptic firing
77
Rhinal Cortex
Pathway in which signals enter to DG
78
DG
first part of hippocampus
79
CA3
Pyramidal cells extend axons
80
CA1
send signals back to rhinal cortex
81
synaptic strengthening depends on
Depolarization of presynaptic membrane (action potential, release of Glutamate)
AND
Simultaneously depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
82
Dendritic Spike
Pyramidal cells depolarize in both directions
Go down the axon and through the dendrites
83
Nitric Oxide
- Leaves postsynaptic membrane into the synapse
- Half-life of 3 seconds
- Absorbed by presynaptic terminal
---- Stimulates more vesicles to increase amount of glutamate
84
common sense view
1. Perception of bear
2. Feeling of fear
3. Physiological reactions
85
James-Lange view
1. Perception of bear
2. Physiological reactions
3. Feeling of fear
86
Cannon-Bard view
1. Perception of bear
2. Feeling of fear / physiological reactions
87
Modern Biopsychological view
1. Perception of bear / feeling of fear/ Physiological reactions
88
7 primary emotions and expressions
- sadness
- happiness
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
- contempt
89
FACS
- Facial Action Coding System
--- facial muscles express emotions
90
Zygomaticus major
mouth muscles
91
Orbicularis oculi
eye muscles
92
Duchenne Smile
genuine smiles from happiness
- includes orbicularis oculi
- hard to fake
93
Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne
- treated patients with CIP (can't feel pain)
--- shocked facial muscles to make them contract to find which ones contract for which emotions
94
fMRI scan
- Areas of increased activity in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex when volunteers watched facial expressions of emotion
- Same areas were active when the volunteers made the expressions themselves
95
mirror neurons
- neurons that fire to mirror others expressions
96
what can mirror neurons be responsible for?
empathy, laughter, yawning
97
Eustress
pleasant, desirable stress
98
distress
unpleasant stress
99
hassles
small problems that accumulate to include major stress
100
Emotion
a full body/mind/behavior response to a situation
101
common sense view
1. Perception of bear
2. Feeling of fear
3. Physiological reactions
102
James-Lange View
1. Perception of bear
2. Psychological response
3. Feeling of fear
103
Cannon-Bard view
1. Perception of bear
2. Feeling of fear / physiological reactions
104
Modern Biopsychological view
1. Perception of bear / feeling of fear/ Physiological reactions
105
Paul Eckmen 7 primary emotions and expressions
Sadness
Happiness
Fear
Anger
Disgust
Surprise
Contempt
106
FACS
facial muscles express emotions
107
Zygomaticus majjor
mouth muscles
107
Orbicularis oculi
eye muscles
108
Duchenne smile
genuine smile
- happens spontaneously
- takes effort to fake
109
Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne
treated patients with CIP (cant feel pain)
- shocked facial muscles to see which contracted for which emotions
110
fMRI scan
- Areas of increased activity in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex when volunteers watched facial expressions of emotion
- Same areas were active when the volunteers made the expressions themselves
111
Mirror neurons
- Neurons that fire to mirror others expressions
--- Can be responsible for empathy, laughter, yawning
112
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Effects of facial expression on the experience of emotion
113
Eustress
pleasant, desirable stress (as in the stress associated with exercise or excitement)
114
Distress
unpleasant stress (as in illness or danger)
115
Hassels
small problems that accumulate to include major stress
116
General Adaptation Syndrome
- People that were hospitalized, had similar symptoms. All patients had a low grade fever
--- Fatigued, lack of appetite, anxious
117
alarm reaction
OMG moment
- sympathetic NS activation
- Mobilizes resources to cause us to fight the stressor
118
resistance
- Coping and managing whatever is causing the stress
- Relatively short, depends on what the stress is
119
Exhaustion
- Not managing stress or coping, but we see harmful effects
--- Depression, anxiety, illness
- Experience extreme fatigue, body’s way of getting rest to get back to health
120
First Track system
Anterior pituitary
- adrenal cortex
--- glucocorticoids
121
Corticotropin releasing hormone
released by hypothalamus
- hormone that travels to cortex of adrenal gland
122
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
produced by the pituitary gland
- stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol
123
Glucocorticoids
release cortisol
124
corticosterone
found in animals
125
Second Track system
Sympathetic NS
- adrenal medulla
--- norepinephrine epinephrine
126
examples of good outcomes of stress
- burst of energy\
- heightened memory function
- burst of increased immunity
- lower sensitivity to pain
127
examples of bad outcomes of stress
- Impaired cognitive performance
- Suppressed thyroid function
- Blood sugar imbalance
- Decreased bone density
- Higher blood pressure
- Lowered immunity
- Increased abdominal fat
128
during non stress...
frontal cortex is in control of
129
Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
- Allows us to evaluate and think about what is happening around us and adjust to it
- Recover from mistakes we've made
130
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Top-down processing
--- We use info we already have to evaluate what’s happening around us
131
rostral lateral prefrontal cortex
- Helps us control behaviors and impulses
--- Inhibits inappropriate actions
132
ventral medial prefrontal cortex
- Regulates emotions
--- amygdala
133
during stress...
- More dopamine and norepinephrine
- Emotions run higher, less control
134
what happens to the hippocampus during stress
- High levels of cortisol causes 80% of volume of hippocampus to decrease
--- Impairs memory formation
135
cell mediated immunity (adaptive immunity)
Particular cells that are first line of defense
136
Macrophage
- works like pacman
--- Spreads around and engulfs virus or antigen
--- Takes certain proteins and pops them out on its surface
--- Signals to other proteins to be on alert for this virus
137
T cells:
get info from macrophage
- when it encounters that antigen, it kills it
138
cortisol causes a decrease in...
macrophages and T cells
- increased chance of infection
139
B cells
given the antigen by the macrophage and then produce antibodies to protect against it
140
Cortisol reduces ability for B cells to...
produce antibodies, and creating antibodies
141
Helicobacter pylori
Corkscrew shape, latches onto mucus membrane, protects itself and produces chemicals that eat away at stomach lining
142
Emotion focused coping
Involves trying to reduce negative emotional responses associated with stress
143
Problem focused coping
Targets the causes of stress in practical ways
