Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids

Question 1

When are FAs synthesised

Answer 1

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Question 2

What is the major source of carbon for the synthesis of FA in mammals and ruminants

Answer 2

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Question 3

an excess of what macromolecule can cause an increase in FA synthesis - how

Answer 3

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Question 4

Where does lipogenesis mainly occur - what other places does it occur

Answer 4

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Question 5

Comparison of FA synthesis and β-oxidation of FA - where they occur, enzymes, cofactors, activation

Answer 5

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Question 6

What is the structure of CoA-SH

Answer 6

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Question 7

What is the structure of FA synthase complex (Acyl carrier protein {ACP}-SH)

Answer 7

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Question 8

Describe the shuttle for transfer of Acetyl CoA from mitochondria to the cytosol
(Citrate-Malate Shuttle)

Answer 8

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Question 9

What type of complex is Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 9

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Question 10

Describe Acetyl-CoA carboxylase - how many subunits, what the subunits contain (4), what site it has

Answer 10

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Question 11

What does Acetyl-CoA carboxylase do

Answer 11

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Question 12

What are the 3 sources of NADPH

Answer 12

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Question 13

Describe FA synthase complex - subunits, domains, residue, arrangement,

Answer 13

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Question 14

1. What is the initial step of FA synthesis (+ enzyme)

Answer 14

HINT: acetyl to ACP

Question 15

2. What is the second step of FA synthesis (+ enzyme)

Answer 15

HINT: malonyl moiety

Question 16

3. What is the third step of FA synthesis (+ enzyme)

Answer 16

HINT: condensation

Question 17

4. What is the fourth step of FA synthesis (+ enzyme, cofactor)

Answer 17

HINT: oxidation

KETONE —> ALCOHOL

Question 18

5. What is the fifth step of FA synthesis (+ enzyme)

Answer 18

HINT: removal of water

Question 19

6. What is the sixth step of FA synthesis (+ enzyme, cofactor)

Answer 19

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Question 20

What is made after 7 cycles of FA synthesis

Answer 20

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Question 21

How is the Palmitoyl moiety removed from the enzyme complex after the completion of FA Synthesis

Answer 21

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Question 22

In what organs is palmitate the end product

Answer 22

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Question 23

In lactating, mammary gland, where does thioesterase have a high affinity

Answer 23

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Question 24

What is the main regulatory factor of lipogenesis

Answer 24

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Question 25

When is lipogenesis inhibited

Answer 25

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Question 26

What enzymes do long-chain FAs inhibit which decrease lipogenesis

Answer 26

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Question 27

Which Long-chain FA act as an allosteric inhibitor to another enzyme - name both

Answer 27

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Question 28

What is the main regulatory enzyme

Answer 28

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Question 29

How is Acetyl CoA carboxylase regulated generally

Answer 29

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Question 30

What two molecules are involved in the regulation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 30

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Question 31

How is Palmitoyl-CoA involved in the regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 31

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Question 32

How is citrate involved in the regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 32

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Question 33

Describe the activation of citrate for the regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 33

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Question 34

What do fatty acyl-CoAs do in the regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 34

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Question 35

What is AMPK and AMPKK

Answer 35

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Question 36

What does glucagon and adrenaline inhibit during regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 36

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Question 37

What does insulin activate during regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 37

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Question 38

What is the second regulatory enzyme

Answer 38

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Question 39

How is FA Synthase regulated

Answer 39

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Question 40

What inhibits the synthesis of FA Synthase

Answer 40

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Question 41

When is FA Synthase suppressed and induced

Answer 41

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Question 42

What does insulin do to FA Synthase

Answer 42

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Question 43

Where does Elongation of FAs occur

Answer 43

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Question 44

What is the microsomal system - how does it work

Answer 44

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Question 45

What is the enzyme used for Microsomal system

Answer 45

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Question 46

Describe Elongation of FAs in brain

Answer 46

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Question 47

Describe the elongation in mitochondria

Answer 47

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Question 48

Describe the energetic balances of FA Synthesis - mol of NADPH, Malonyl-CoA, ATP

Answer 48

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Question 49

What happens to the synthesised Palmitate?

Answer 49

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Question 50

How are FAs synthesises to MUFA/PUFA

Answer 50

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Question 51

What MUFA are synthesises in cells of mammals - can they synthesise PUFA

Answer 51

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Question 52

What are the enzymes involved in synthesis of MUFA/PUFA

Answer 52

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Question 53

In what positions can double bonds be introduced in FAs

Answer 53

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Question 54

What organ is responsible for making MUFA

Answer 54

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Question 55

Describe the steps to making MUFA - enzyme, what organelle the enzyme is in, what the enzyme requires

Answer 55

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