Biotechnology

Question 1

Natural

Answer 1

Produced or existing in nature

Question 2

Artificial selection (selective breeding )

Answer 2

Individuals with the desirable traits are mated to produce offspring with those traits (ex.dogs-same genus and species but they look different )SPECIFIC TRAITS ARE SHOWN

Question 3

Artificial selections of wild mustard

Answer 3

By selecting different parts of the plant to accentuate,breeders have obtained these varieties. (Broccoli cabbage kale cauliflower kohlrabi )

Question 4

What is hybridization ?

Answer 4

Crossing two individuals with different desirable traits to produce offspring with a combination of both traits(diff specie or trait!)

Question 5

Hybridization in cows

Answer 5

Ex: Santa Gertrudis cattle-cross between English shorthorn cattle(good beef) and Brahman cattle from India (highly resistant to heat and humidity)

Question 6

Hybridization in potatoes

Answer 6

Burbanks hybrid crosses combined the disease resistance of one part of one plant with the food producing capacity in another

Question 7

Male lion with female tiger

Answer 7

Liger

Question 8

Male tiger with female lion

Answer 8

Tigon

Question 9

Benefits of selective breeding

Answer 9

Produce crop resistant to disease and are bigger. Produce animals that have less fat and seedless fruits

Question 10

Pros of selective breeding

Answer 10

Obtains favorable characteristics in offspring (strength size color hardiness and temp)

Question 11

Cons of selective breeding

Answer 11

Results are not guaranteed (variation in meiosis and sexual reproduction ), selectively breeding for certain traits may overtime lead to problems with other traits , cause sterility

Question 12

Inbreeding

Answer 12

Selective breeding of closely related organisms

Question 13

Risk of inbreeding

Answer 13

Recessive disorders are more likely to be expressed , an increase disease that occurs when the offspring receivers a “bad” gene from each parent, greater chance of recessive alleles being expressed (disease)

Question 14

Inbreeding pros

Answer 14

Unusually used when numbers of available organisms are small

Question 15

Inbreeding cons

Answer 15

Much higher chance is recessive alleles being expressed ,may cause disease such as hemophilia and lead to sterility

Question 16

Examples of inbreeding

Answer 16

Hip dysplasia in German shepherds (pure breed ) sterility in an inbred plant

Question 17

What are GMOs?

Answer 17

Any organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means, said to be transgenic , contains DNA from different species

Question 18

What are benefits of genetically modified plants and animals?

Answer 18

GM plants can produce natural pesticides , increase vitamins control, to make food last longer or resist the cold

Question 19

Pigs that glow

Answer 19

Green fluorescent protein(GFP) gene from jelly fish have been put into pigs, advancement have made it possible to target gene expression in eyes cells only, genes for other pigments have been introduced into animal cells

Question 20

HGH(human growth hormone)

Answer 20

By adding the gene for HGH to a mouse the size with greatly increase

Question 21

GM Salmon

Answer 21

Two salmon can be the same age and GM salmon can grow twice the rate,more difficult to genetically modify animals than plants, growth increase is food increase , greater risk natural population if GM salmon escape to wild

Question 22

Golden rice

Answer 22

Genetically modified to contain nutrients called beta carotene in daffodils

Question 23

GM Corn

Answer 23

Genes from bacteria this produce natural pesticide

Question 24

Risk of GMO

Answer 24

The creation of allergies, fear of long term effect

Question 25

GMO viruses

Answer 25

Good- can be used to make vaccines Bad- can be used in biological warfare

Question 26

GMO PROS

Answer 26

Get desired trait faster, can combine diff species , once in sex cells passed to next generation

Question 27

GMO CONS

Answer 27

Dk long term effects, can be harmful, may cause allergy, may be hard to find/isolate gene

Question 28

DNA Technology

Answer 28

The branch of biotechnology where scientists actually manipulate(alter) the genomes of organisms at the molecular level

Question 29

Artificial

Answer 29

Made by human work

Question 30

Why would altering DNA affect our traits?

Answer 30

DNA codes for the protein that determines our traits

Question 31

Vectors

Answer 31

A way to get genes from one organism into another (ex.bacterial plasmids and viruses )

Question 32

Bacterial chromosome vs human chromosome

Answer 32

Bacterial chromosomes are circular while humans are x shaped

Question 33

Bacteria have plasmids

Answer 33

Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that are found in some bacteria . Scientists alter the genetic instructions found in the plasmids and use them as vectors

Question 34

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 34

Asexual reproduction

Question 35

Genetic engineering

Answer 35

Scientist can target and identify a gene, cut the desired gene with restriction enzymes, the gene is combined with the DNA of another organism(gene splicing), the recombinant DNA is inserted into the cell of another organism

Question 36

What is gene splicing ?

Answer 36

When a gene is combines with the DNA of another organism

Question 37

What is the new DNA called after gene splicing?

Answer 37

Recombinant DNA

Question 38

What is the end result of genetic engineering?

Answer 38

A genetically engineered organism,GMO,transgenic

Question 39

Applications of genetic engineering(example)part 1-4

Answer 39

Scientists genetically alter the DNA of bacteria to produce human proteins like insulin

Question 40

Restriction enzymes part1

Answer 40

DNA is removed from the human cell and insulin gene is cut with this

Question 41

Restriction enzymes part2

Answer 41

Plasmids is removed from a bacterial cell and is cut with this same enzyme

Question 42

Recombinant DNA part3

Answer 42

Insulin gene and bacterial plasmid are spliced together, the new DNA is inserted into bacterial cells

Question 43

Asexual reproduction part4

Answer 43

Bacteria undergo this and are capable of creating insulin