Genetics

Question 0

What plant is Gregor Mendel use and why?

Answer 0

Pea plants because they are easy to grow, has quick germination time, controllable pollination, and traits are easy to observe

Question 1

Gregor Mendel

Answer 1

Father of genetics and referred to inheriting genes as “factors”

Question 2

Pollination

Answer 2

Fusion of the pollen and egg to form a seed

Question 3

Alleles

Answer 3

Different forms of the gene for a specific characteristic. Located at the same point on homologous chromosomes( ex. Tall vs small plants)

Question 4

Dominant

Answer 4

The trait expressed when two different allele are present, show by capital letter

Question 5

Recessive

Answer 5

Gene that is present but not expressed , shown by lowercase letters

Question 6

Genotype

Answer 6

Genetic makeup of an individual ( ex.Tt)

Question 7

Phenotype

Answer 7

Trait that appears in the individual

Question 8

Heterozygous

Answer 8

Hybrid, two allele for trait that are different(ex. Tt)

Question 9

Homozygous

Answer 9

Pure, two alleles for a trait are the same(ex. TT)

Question 10

Law of dominance

Answer 10

Heterozygous individuals will express the phenotype of the dominant allele(ex. Tt will be a tall plant)

Question 11

Test cross

Answer 11

Cross individual with a pure recessive individual. If some offspring show recessive trait, you have heterozygous individual. If all offspring show dominant trait, you have a homozygous dominant trait

Question 12

Law of segregation and recombination

Answer 12

Meiosis -allele separate Fertilization: allele combine again ( Tia is why offspring can express a different phenotype VARIATION)

Question 13

Law of independent assortment

Answer 13

Traits are inherited independent my of each other (ex. Seed color and seed shape)

Question 14

Incomplete dominance

Answer 14

(Aka blending ) only partially dominant, intermediate phenotype (ex. Red flowers x white flowers =pink )

Question 15

Co dominance

Answer 15

Two dominant alleles are equally expressed (ex. White cattle x red cattle = roan cattle)

Question 16

Sex determination

Answer 16

Determined by sperm X + Y= sex chromosome (not homologous )

Question 17

Sex linked traits

Answer 17

Disorder linked to the X chromosome (ex.hemophillia and color blindness) most common in males…. Only need to get it from mom(x)

Question 18

Carriers

Answer 18

Female that has the trait in only one x , does not express trait, 50% chance of passing of trait in to son

Question 19

Gene linkage

Answer 19

Genes for two different traits are locate in the same chromosome, can be inherited together, the further apart on a chromosome (freckles and red hair), the less likely to be inherited together

Question 20

Crossing over

Answer 20

Exchange of genetic material during synapsis , variation in gamete

Question 21

Multiple alleles

Answer 21

More than two allele for a given trait (ex. Blood type- type a and b are codominant over type o)

Question 22

What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation ?

Answer 22

1:2:1

Question 23

What are nucleotides?

Answer 23

Building blocks for nucleus acids

Question 24

DNA

Answer 24

Deoxyribonucleic acid, Watson and Cricks double helix

Question 25

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 25

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 26

Purines

Answer 26

Guanine and adenine each have tow linked rings of atom

Question 27

Pyrimidines

Answer 27

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil each have a single ring

Question 28

RNA vs DNA: number of strands

Answer 28

RNA 1 DNA 2

Question 29

RNA vs DNA: 5 carbon sugar

Answer 29

RNA ribose DNA deoxyribose

Question 30

RNA vs DNA: nitrogenous bases

Answer 30

RNA AUCG DNA ATCG

Question 31

Helicate

Answer 31

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together

Question 32

DNA polymerase

Answer 32

Only add nucleotides to the 3' end

Question 33

Leading strand

Answer 33

DNA strand that is read in the 3' to 5' direction but is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction in a continuous manner

Question 34

Lagging strand

Answer 34

Made in pieces called Okazaki fragments

Question 35

DNA ligase

Answer 35

Links together Okazaki fragments

Question 36

Gene

Answer 36

Segment of DNA that codes for making a protein

Question 37

Translation

Answer 37

mRNA -> amino acid sequence (ribosome) tells what gene means

Question 38

Transcription

Answer 38

DNA -> mRNA (nucleus) "writes" the genes

Question 39

Codon

Answer 39

Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid

Question 40

One Gene- One Polpeptide

Answer 40

One gene on DNA codes for one polypeptide chain, some proteins composed of 2 or more chains, proteins have a quaternary structure, hav has 4 p chains

Question 41

3 stages of transcription

Answer 41

Initiation, elongation , and termination

Question 42

Initiation

Answer 42

RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter, which is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA sat the start of a gene instructs RNA polymerase where to start transcribing RNA , ex. TATA box

Question 43

Elongation

Answer 43

RNA polymerase moves along DNA , untwist the DNA one turn about 1" bases at a time, adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA ,60 nucleotide per sec

Question 44

Termination

Answer 44

Termination site on DNA (ex AATAAA) signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription

Question 45

Poly-AAA tail

Answer 45

up to 200 bases long is attached at the 3' end

Question 46

Guanosine tri phosphate cap

Answer 46

Is added to the 5' end.. Acts as an "attach here" sign for the ribosome, two ends may protect the molecule from degradation (being broken down)

Question 47

Gene slicing

Answer 47

In eukaryotes , mRNA is modified before leaving the nucleus

Question 48

Intros

Answer 48

The non-coding sequence of genes that is taken out before translation (want to get out)

Question 49

Extrons

Answer 49

The coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is EXPRESSED

Question 50

Ribosome

Answer 50

Made up of two subunits, in nucleoli, contains ribosomal RNA and protein, has 3 binding sites (1 for attachment of mRNA and two for tRNA )

Question 51

P site

Answer 51

Holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 52

A site

Answer 52

Holds the tRNA attached to the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Question 53

4 stages of translation

Answer 53

Codon recognition , peptide bond formation, elongation of polypeptide via movement ( a and p site) , termination stop codon at A site on ribosome (ex. UAA)

Question 54

Light and chlorophyll

Answer 54

No light, the no chlorophyll production

Question 55

Temp and hair color

Answer 55

At low temp the hair in Himalayan rabbits will grow back darker

Question 56

Identical twin studies

Answer 56

Compare those who were separated at birth and those who were not