Bladder cancer Flashcards
(12 cards)
Where do bladder cancers arised?
in the urothelium
(endothelial lining)
(transitional cell carcinoma)
Causes of bladder cancer
- increasing age
- Exposure to aromatic amines/aniline dyes used in industrial manufacturing of dyes, rubber + plastics
- Smoking
- schistosomiasis > squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
Types of bladder cancers
transitional cell carcinoma (most common)
squamous cell carcinoma
What type of cancer can aromatic amines (used in dyes + rubber) cause?
transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
Presentation of bladder cancer
- painless haematuria
- frequency
- unexplained weight loss
- urinary incontience
Diagnosis of bladder cancer
Cystoscopy
Biopsy
CT or MRI
Chest X ray
locations of bladder cancers
Superficial
Carcinoma in situ (flat tumour)
Muscle invasive
Staging of bladder cancer
TNM staging
Treatment of bladder cancer
Depends on classification:
- low risk non-muscle invasive: transurethral resection of bladder +/- intravescial chemotherapy
- high risk non-muscle invasive: transurethral resection of bladder + intravescial chemotherapy or intravescial BCG treatment + cystectomy
- muscle invasive cancer: cystectomy + radiotherapy or palliative care
Options for draining urine post radical cystectomy
- urostomy with ileal conduit (most common)
- continent urinary diversion
- ureterisigmoidostomy
Risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma in bladder
- Recurrent UTI > chronic inflammation
- schistosomiasis
- stones
First line imaging in pt with new visible haematuria
CT KUB + flexible cystoscopy
