Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Urinary > Glomerulonephritis + Histology Of Glomerulus > Flashcards

Glomerulonephritis + Histology Of Glomerulus Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Differentiate between DCT and PCT on histology

A

DCT is hollow
PCT has brush border (fuzzy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can be damaged in glomerulonephritis?

A

Capillary endothelium
Glomerular basement membrane
Mesangial cells
Podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What charge do podocytes have?
What does this do?

A

Negative charge
Repels albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of glomerularnephritis

A

Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline nephritic syndrome

A

NeprItic - Inflmmation
- inflammation disrupts glomerular basement membrane

Triad of:
- haematuria (coke coloured urine)
- reduction in GFR
- hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Outline nephrotic syndrome

A

NeprOtic - Oedema
- podocytes (foot processes) damage > glomerular charge barrier disruption > proteins can pass through

Triad of:
- proteinuria
- hypoalbuminaemia
- oedema

usually accompanied by hypercholesteroaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do patients with nephrotic syndrome have an increased risk of thrombosis?

A
  • loss of antithrombin III, proteins C+S in urine
  • associated rise in fibrinogen
  • predisposing to thrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • diabetes (most common cause)
  • minimal change disease (children)
  • membranous glomerulonephritis (adults)
  • focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the leading cause of end stage renal disease?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is minimal change disease?

A
  • Foot processes of podocytes bind together
  • Albumin + other proteins can pass through glomerulus > nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, oedema + hypoalbuminaemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment of minimal change disease

A
  • oral corticosteroids
  • Cyclophosphamide if steroid resistant cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

Auto immune deposits within the basement membrane > thickening of basement membrane
(Cause of nephrotic syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

causes of membranous glomerulonephritis

A
  • idiopathic
  • hep B
  • malaria
  • malignancy - prostate, lung, lymphoma
  • drugs e.g. NSAIDs, gold
  • SLE
  • thyroiditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment of membranous glomerulonephritis

A
  • Immunosuppression - corticosteroid PLUS cyclophosphamide
  • ACE or ARB to reduce proteinuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

A
  • ‘focal’: in some glomeruli (not all)
  • podocytes are damage
  • proteins build up in glomerulus
  • this leads to sclerosis
    (Cause of nephrotic syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A

Steroids +/- immunosuprressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Management of nephrotic syndrome

A

Manage individuals symptoms
- diuretics, salt/fluid resection - oedema
- ACE inhibitor
- statin - hypercholestolaemia
- LMWH - due to hypercoagulable state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complications of nephrotic syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A
  • thromboembolism e.g. DVT, PE, renal vein thrombosis
  • hyperlipidaemia > stroke, ACS
  • CKD
  • increased infection risk due to urinary immunoglobulins lost
  • hypocalcaemia
20
Q

Causes of nephritic syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A
  • IgA nephropathy
  • Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
  • Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome (anti GMB)
21
Q

Outline IgA nephropathy

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hypertension
  • raised IgA levels > deposited in mesangium
  • this leads to sclerosis of damaged section
  • causes recurrent haematuria
    (Causes nephritic syndrome)
  • can occur after a URTI
22
Q

Treatment of IgA nephropathy

Study These Flashcards
A

Control BP
ACEi
Steroids

23
Q

Outline rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • severe glomerular injury > leakage of fibrin, macrophages + epithelial cells proliferate
  • crescent shape mass forms > decreased blood supply
  • loss of renal function
    (Causes nephritic syndrome)
24
Q

Treatment of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Study These Flashcards
A

High dose steroids
Immunosuppressants
Plasma exchange

25
Outline Goodpasture’s syndrome/anti-GBM disease
- antibodies to type IV collagen in glomerular basement membrane develop > inflamamtion - leads to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure + lung haemorrhage (causes haemoptysis) (Causes nephritic syndrome)
26
Treatment of Goodpasture’s syndrome
plasmapheresis (to remove antibodies) Corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation)
27
Outline post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- presents 1-3 weeks following streptococcal infection *e.g. tonsillitis*> spreads to kidneys + causes IgG, IgM + C3 deposition in the glomeruli (Causes nephritic syndrome)
28
Treatment of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Antibiotics to treat remaining infection
29
Management of nephritic syndrome
- ACE inhibitors - diuretics - immunosuppressants - stop smoking - statins - dialysis
30
If a patient presents with coke coloured, are they more likely to have nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?
**Nephritic syndrome** Coke coloured due to blood in urine
31
Why do the kidneys get bigger in early diabetic nephropathy?
- hyperglycaemia > **hyper-filtration** in kidneys - damages glomerular capillaries - release of **inflammatory mediators + growth factors** - inflammation + tissue remodelling of kidney triggers - this leads to **fibrosis + reduced renal function** - **extracellular matrix accumulation** in glomeruli > further impairing function - **thickening of basement membrane**
32
Define nephrotic syndrome
Triad of: - proteinuria - hypoalbuminaemia - oedema
33
Define nephritic syndrome
Triad of: - haematuria (coke coloured urine) - reduction in GFR - hypertension
34
What part of the glomerular capillary wall is affected in nephrotic syndrome
Foot processes of the podocytes
35
What are the mesangial cells? What do they do?
- smooth muscle like cells that contain actin + myosin - contraction of mesangial cells regulates the size of capillary lumen > regulates amount of glomerular blood flow
36
Why does nephrotic syndrome present with oedema?
- large amounts of albumin lost in urine > hypoalbuminaemia - reduces oncotic pressure in plasma - less water drawn in capillaries + remains in interstitum - oedema
37
Why do you give LMWH during treatment of nephrotic syndrome?
Clotting factors (anti-thrombin II, protein C+S) are excreted in the urine so the patient is in a hypercoagulable state and at risk of clotting + VTE
38
What could frothy/bubbly urine indicate?
Proteinuria
39
What systemic disease can cause glomerulonephritis?
- diabetes - vasculitis *e..g microscopic polyangitis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis* - lupus nephritis - SLE
40
What antibodies tests could be done in investigations of glomerulonephritis + what for?
- **anti GBM antibodies** - Goodpasture’s syndrome - **p-ANCA**: microscopic polyangitis - **c-ANCA**: granulomatosis with polyangiitis - **ANCA + anti-dsDNA**: SLE (lupus nephritis)
41
investigations of glomerulonephritis
- bloods - FBC, UEs - renal biopsy - CT KUB without contrast - urine dipstick - urine MSC
42
What is Alport syndrome?
- X linked rescessive - defect in gene which codes for type IV collagen > abnormal glomerular basement membrane
43
features of alport syndrome
- microscopic haematuria - progressive renal failure - bilateral sensorineural deafness - retinitis pigmentosa
44
diagnosis of alport sydnrome
- molecular genetic testing - renal biopsy > longitudinal splitting of lamina densa of GBM > basket weave appearance
45
How does sensorineural hearing loss present in Rinne's + Weber's test?
- Rinne's: air > bone - Weber's lateralises away from pathology

Urinary (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions