Block 1

Question 1

What drug class does aluminium hydroxide + magnesium hydroxide belong to?

Answer 1

Antacids.

Question 2

What drug class does calcium carbonate + magnesium carbonate belong to?

Answer 2

Antacids.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of antacids?

Answer 3

Gastric acid neutralisation.

Question 4

What drug class does sodium alginate + sodium bicarbonate + calcium carbonate belong to?

Answer 4

Antacids and alginates.

Question 5

What is mechanism of action of antacids and alginates?

Answer 5

Gastric acid neutralisation and increasing viscosity of stomach contents.

Question 6

Give 2 examples of H2-receptor antagonists.

Answer 6

Ranitidine, cimetidine.

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 7

Blockade of gastric H2 histamine receptors.

Question 8

Give 2 examples of proton pump inhibitors.

Answer 8

Omeprazole, lansoprazole.

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 9

Blockade of parietal cell proton transporters.

Question 10

What drug class does methylcellulose belong to?

Answer 10

Bulk laxatives.

Question 11

What drug class does isphagula husk belong to?

Answer 11

Bulk laxatives.

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of bulk laxatives?

Answer 12

Water retention in the intestinal lumen to soften and bulk stools.

Question 13

Name 3 osmotic laxatives.

Answer 13

Magnesium sulphate and magnesium
hydroxide (saline purgatives), macrogol and
lactulose.

Question 14

What is the mechanism of action of osmotic laxatives?

Answer 14

Water retention in the intestinal lumen to soften and bulk stools.

Question 15

What drug class do docusate and arachis oil belong to?

Answer 15

Faecal softeners.

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of faecal softeners?

Answer 16

Stimulate water and electrolyte secretion into the intestinal lumen, and lower surface tension, allowing water and fat to enter the stool.

Question 17

Name 2 stimulant purgatives.

Answer 17

Senna and bisacodyl.

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action of stimulant purgatives?

Answer 18

Increase intestinal motility.

Question 19

What is oral rehydration therapy?

Answer 19

isotonic/hypotonic solution of glucose

and sodium chloride.

Question 20

Give 2 examples of opioid anti-motility agents.

Answer 20

Loperamide and codeine.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action of opioid anti-motility agents?

Answer 21

Agonist for µ-opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus.

Question 22

Give an example of a loop diuretic.

Answer 22

Furosemide.

Question 23

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

Answer 23

Inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl transporter in the loop of Henle.

Question 24

Name 4 thiazide (and related) diuretics.

Answer 24

Indapamide, bendroflumethiazide,

hydrochlorothiazide and chlortalidone.

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of thiazide (and related) diuretics?

Answer 25

Inhibits the Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the early distal tubule.

Question 26

Name 3 potassium-sparing diuretics.

Answer 26

Spironolactone, eplerenone and amiloride.

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone and eplerenone?

Answer 27

Mineralocorticoid receptor (aldosterone) blockade.

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action of amiloride?

Answer 28

Blockade of sodium reabsorption via ENaC channel.

Question 29

What drug class does acetazolamide belong to?

Answer 29

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 30

Prevent renal reabsorption of bicarbonate.

Question 31

Give an example of an osmotic diuretic.

Answer 31

Mannitol.

Question 32

What is the mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 32

Increase the osmolarity of glomerular filtrate.

Question 33

Give an example of a renin inhibitor.

Answer 33

Aliskiren.

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of renin inhibitors?

Answer 34

Inhibition of angiotensin I generation by renin.

Question 35

Give an example of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.

Answer 35

Ramipril.

Question 36

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 36

- Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II | - Reduces vasoconstriction

Question 37

Give an example of an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist.

Answer 37

Losartan.

Question 38

What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin-II receptor antagonists?

Answer 38

Blockade of cell signalling induced by angiotensin II.

Question 39

Give an example of an aldosterone antagonist.

Answer 39

Spironolactone.

Question 40

What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?

Answer 40

Blockade of mineralocorticoid activation.

Question 41

Name 2 thyroid hormones used to treat thyroid disorders.

Answer 41

Levothyroxine and liothyronine.

Question 42

What is the mechanism of action of levothyroxine and liothyronine?

Answer 42

Activation of thyroid hormone receptors.

Question 43

Name an alpha-adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of urinary retention.

Answer 43

Doxazosin.

Question 44

What is the mechanism of action of doxazosin?

Answer 44

Smooth muscle relaxant affecting the neck of the bladder.

Question 45

Name a urinary anti-spasmodic anticholinergic drug used to treat urinary incontinence.

Answer 45

Oxybutinin.

Question 46

What is the mechanism of action of oxybutinin?

Answer 46

Blockade of muscarinic receptors leading to reduction of bladder detrusor activity.