Block 2

Question 1

Name 2 short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists.

Answer 1

Salbutamol and terbutaline.

Question 2

Name 2 long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists.

Answer 2

Salmeterol and formoterol.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of beta-2 adrenergic agonists?

Answer 3

Stimulation of airway smooth muscle relaxation.

Question 4

Name a short-acting anti-cholinergics.

Answer 4

Ipratropium.

Question 5

Name a long-acting anti-cholinergics.

Answer 5

Tiotropium.

Question 6

What is the mechanism of action of anti-cholinergic drugs?

Answer 6

Blockade of cholinergic activity in airway smooth muscle leading to muscle relaxation.

Question 7

Give 2 examples of methylxanthines.

Answer 7

Theophylline and aminophylline.

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthines?

Answer 8

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increasing cellular cAMP.

Question 9

Name 4 glucocorticoids used to treat airway disease.

Answer 9

Beclomethasone, prednisolone, fluticasone and hydrocortisone.

Question 10

What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in the treatment of airway disease?

Answer 10

Activation of glucocorticoid receptors in immune cells,

reducing airway inflammation.

Question 11

Name 2 leukotriene receptor antagonists.

Answer 11

Montelukast and zafirlukast.

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Answer 12

Blockade of proinflammatory leukotriene signalling.

Question 13

Give an example of an ACE inhibitor.

Answer 13

Ramipril.

Question 14

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 14

• Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

- Reduces vasoconstriction

Question 15

Name 2 angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).

Answer 15

Losartan and valsartan.

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer 16

Blockade of cell signalling induced by angiotensin II.

Question 17

Name two selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists.

Answer 17

Bisoprolol and atenolol.

Question 18

Name a non-selective beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist.

Answer 18

Propranolol.

Question 19

What is the mechanism of action of beta adrenergic receptor antagonists?

Answer 19

Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiomyocytes, reducing inotropy and chronotropy.

Question 20

Name 2 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins).

Answer 20

Atorvastatin and simvastatin.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

Answer 21

Inhibition of mevalonate metabolism in the cholesterol

synthesis pathway.

Question 22

Give 2 examples of calcium channel antagonists used to treat heart failure and hypertension.

Answer 22

Nifedipine and amlodipine.

Question 23

What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel antagonists?

Answer 23

Blockade of L-type calcium channels, promoting

vasodilation.

Question 24

Give 2 examples of nitrate vasodilators.

Answer 24

Glycerol trinitrate (GTN) and isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN).

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of nitrate vasodilators?

Answer 25

Release of nitric oxide –> relaxation of vascular smooth | muscle.

Question 26

Name an anti-cholinergic used for emergency | bradycardia treatment.

Answer 26

Atropine.

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action of atropine?

Answer 27

Blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors.

Question 28

Name an alpha sympathomimetic.

Answer 28

Noradrenaline.

Question 29

Name a beta sympathomimetic.

Answer 29

Dobutamine.

Question 30

Name an alpha and beta sympathomimetic.

Answer 30

Adrenaline.

Question 31

What is the mechanism of action of sympathomimetics?

Answer 31

Stimulation of cardiac inotropy and chronotropy.

Question 32

Name a neprilysin inhibitor.

Answer 32

Sacubitril.

Question 33

Which ARB drug is used in combination with sacubitril?

Answer 33

Valsartan.

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of sacubitril?

Answer 34

Inhibition of natriuretic peptide breakdown.

Question 35

Name 2 antiplatelet drugs.

Answer 35

Aspirin and clopidogrel.

Question 36

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

Answer 36

Inhibition of thromboxane A2 production.

Question 37

What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel?

Answer 37

Blockade of platelet ADP receptors.

Question 38

Name 4 anticoagulant drugs.

Answer 38

Warfarin, unfractionated heparin, | low molecular weight heparin and dabigatran.

Question 39

What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?

Answer 39

Inhibition of clotting factor synthesis.

Question 40

What is the mechanism of action of heparin?

Answer 40

Enhances action of antithrombin III.

Question 41

What is the mechanism of action of dabigatran?

Answer 41

Direct inhibition of thrombin.

Question 42

Name three thrombolytics.

Answer 42

Alteplase, streptokinase and urokinase.

Question 43

What is the mechanism of action of thrombolytics?

Answer 43

Digestion of fibrin in thrombi to restore blood flow .