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Flashcards in Block 1 Deck (22)
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1
Q

Antacids

A

aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate

Gastric acid neutralisation

2
Q

Antacids + alginates

A

sodium alginate with sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate

Gastric acid neutralisation and increasing viscosity of stomach contents.

3
Q

H2 receptor antagonists

A

Ranitidine

Blockade of gastric H2 histamine receptors

4
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A

omeprazole, lansoprazole

Blockade of parietal cell proton transporters

5
Q

Bulk laxatives

A

methylcellulose, ispaghula husk

Water retention in intestinal lumen to soften & bulk stools

6
Q

Osmotic laxatives

A

magnesium sulphate and magnesium hydroxide (saline purgatives), macrogol, lactulose

Promote movement of fluid across the wall into the GI lumen, which accelerates transit and causes colonic distension, simulating purgation

7
Q

Faecal softeners

A

docusate, arachis oil

Lower surface tension - allowing water and fat to enter stool, softening stool consistency & increasing bulk to aid transit

8
Q

Stimulant purgatives

A

bisacodyl, senna

Increase intestinal motility

9
Q

Oral rehydration therapy

A

isotonic/hypotonic solution of glucose and sodium chloride

Promotes uptake of Na+ and water by intestines, restoring
hydration levels following fluid loss from diarrhoea

10
Q

Opioid anti-motility agents

A

loperamide, codeine

Agonist for µ-opioid receptors in myenteric plexus.

11
Q

Aminosalicylate (for inflammatory bowel disease)

A

mesalazine

Suppresses immune system in gut to reduce inflammation and tissue damage

12
Q

Loop diuretics

A

furosemide

Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in loop of Henle

13
Q

Thiazides (& related diuretics)

A

indapamide, bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, chlortalidone

Inhibits Na+/Cl- co-transporter in early distal tubule

14
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics

A

spironolactone, eplerenone (mineralocorticoid receptor (aldosterone) antagonists), amiloride (epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) antagonist)

Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade (spironolactone, eplerenone)

Blockade of sodium reabsorption via ENaC channel (amiloride)

15
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

acetazolamide

Prevent renal reabsorption of bicarbonate

16
Q

Osmotic diuretics

A

Mannitol

Increases osmolarity of glomerular filtrate

17
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

ramipril

Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Reduces vasoconstriction

18
Q

Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists

A

losartan

Blockade of cell signalling induced by angiotensin II

19
Q

Aldosterone antagonist

A

spironolactone

Blockade of mineralocorticoid activation

20
Q

thyroid hormones

A

levothyroxine, liothyronine

Activation of thyroid hormone receptors

21
Q

Alpha-adrenergic blocker (for urinary retention)

A

Tamsulosin

Smooth muscle relaxant affecting neck of bladder

22
Q

Urinary anti-spasmodic; anticholinergic (for urinary incontinence)

A

Oxybutinin

Blockade of muscarinic receptors leading to reduction of bladder detrusor activity