Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Block 2 - Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Block 2 - Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

How is the extra plasma membrane removed for the presynaptic knob membrane?

A

Through clathrin-coated vesicles via endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are neurons known as electric capacitors?

A

The voltage across their plasma membrane is not constant and therefore they conduct signals via electricity down their axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 morphological differences bewtween an axon and a dendrite?

A

Axon - no Nissl bodies, myelin sheath, constant diameter, restricted branching, smooth surface
Dendrite - Nissl bodies, no myelin sheath, tapered, branches profusely, rough surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many neurons are contained in the body, on average?

A

100,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two major components of nerve tissue?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia (glial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three functional categories of neurons?

A

Sensory, interneurons, and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and produce/absorb CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is absent from the axon hillock?

A

Nissl bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe a neuron’s nucleus

A

Large, rounded typically with a euchromatic nucleus and prominent nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are neurotransmitters deactivated in the synaptic cleft?

A

Recapture or degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What two processes are found in pseudounipolar neurons? How do they work together?

A

Peripheral process collects information and Central process delivers it to central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which cells form a lipid layer surrounding PNS axons and envelop unmyelinated axons?

A

schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 4 supports cells are found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

With high-affinity reuptake aside, how are the other 20% of neurotransmitters broken down?

A

Through enymes associated with the synpatic membrane. Ex. acetylcholine broken down into acetate and choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are two types of somesthetic receptors? Where are each found?

A

Free nerve endings - mediate pain

Encapsulated nerve endings - Meissner’s corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How was can action potentials travel down an axon?

A

120 m/sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are two types of anterograde transport? How long does each one take?

A

Slow axonal transport and fast axonal transport
Slow: 1-6mm/day
Fast: 100-400mm/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does an axon begin from the cell body?

A

The axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two types of astrocytes? Where are they found?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes found in gray matter, numerous short branching processes called perivascular feels along blood capillaries.
Fibrous astrocytes have prominent cytoskeleton and are found in white matter. Have fewer processes with less branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does botulinum (neurotoxic) affect the axon terminal of neurons?

A

Prevents release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are satellite cells found?

A

In ganglia of PNS, surrounding individual cell bodies of neurons. The provide pathways for metabolic exchange and provide electrical insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are ependymal cells true epithelial tissue?

A

No, while they are a form a simple cuboidal, they have no basil lamina. Covered in microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the steps in a chemical synapse

A

1) An action potential reaches the axon terminal
2) This causes opening of Ca++ channels
3) Ca++ in the axon temrinal causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
4) These neurotransipers bind to post synaptic membrane proteins and cause local depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two types of sensory nerve endings?

A

Special sense nerve endings (smell, sight, hearing, and equilibrium)
Somesthetic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

Moving metabolic substances between blood and nerve cells, forming the BBB.
Numerous mitochondria and large nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two major types of synapses?

A

Electrical and Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the rabies virus affect a person after a bite?

A

1) The virus replicates in the muscle cell over 1-2 weeks
2) After replication, virus finds a motor endplate
3) Virus enters synaptic terminal and travels up the axon via retrograde axonal transport
4) After reaching the body of the motor neuron, it can spread to other neurons
5) Once the CNS is affected, severe inflamation occurs. Changes in light intensity or any sounds can cause seizures.
6) Ends up in salivary glands and can be transmitted during a bite

28
Q

What does a motor end-plate consist of?

A

Axon terminal with presynaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine
Synaptic cleft space between nerve cell and muscle cell
Sarcolemma of a muscle cell forms junction folds and receptors for acetylcholine are found there

29
Q

Which receptors are formed by stacks of lamellae into cylindrical structures, providing sense of touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

30
Q

How do oligodendroccytes mylinate CNS neurons?

A

Tongue-like projections of one oligodendrocyte wrap around multiple spots of a neuron (Nodes of Ranvier are between)

31
Q

In a neuron, where do you find well-developed SER but no Nissl bodies or ribosomes?

A

The axoplasma

32
Q

What percentage of neurotransmitters are recaptured? Under what mechanism?

A

80% via high-affinity reuptake (reincorporated by endocytosis into vesicles ready for repackaging)
Ex. catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine))

33
Q

What is the name of a neuron cell body?

A

Perikaryon (soma)

34
Q

What is the end of an axon called that communicates with other cells?

A

The axon terminal

35
Q

What results from an inhibitory synapse?

A

A negative potential, hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane making the ability to generate an action potential less likely

36
Q

Which way are sodium ions pumped in a nerve cell? What kind of resting membrane potential does this cause?

A

Sodium is actively pumped out, causing a negative resting membrane potential

37
Q

Which CNS support cell is the largest?

A

Astrocytes

38
Q

How many axons can a neuron have?

A

One

39
Q

What makes up the well developed cytoskeleton of a neuron?

A

Neurofilaments (neuron specific intermediate filament), along with microfilaments and microtubules

40
Q

What is myathenia gravis and how does it affect motor endplates?

A

An autoimmune disease causing extreme muscle weakness
Auto-antibodies to acetylcholine receptor are produced, binding to receptor sites, weakening the muscle responses to nerve stimuli

41
Q

What is the difference between anterograde flow and retrograde flow?

A

Anterograde flow: from the perikaryon to periphery of axon. Done by kinesins
Retrograde flow: from the axon to the perikaryon. Dobe by dyneins

42
Q

What disease causes partial loss of myelin in the CNS and can result in loss of sensitvity and partial paralysis?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

43
Q

What are microglial cells and what disease are they associated with?

A

Phagocytes with dark indented nuclei

Alzheimers

44
Q

Describe the differences of a schwann cells role in myelinated vs unmyelinated fibers?

A

In myelinated, a single axon is in the middle of the sheath. Plasma membrane layers of the schwann cells fuse to create a lipoprotein complex. Action potentials travel through saltadory conduction

In unmyelinated, serveral axons enveloped by one cell. Action potentials here are wave-like.

45
Q

What are the only neurons in an adult human body that are replaced on a regular basis?

A

Olfactory neurons

46
Q

Besides allowing for rapid depolarization travel down an axon, what can occur at Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Axoaxonic synapses

47
Q

What surrounds most neurons to aid in signal conduction, acting as insulation?

A

Myelin sheath

48
Q

What are two types of support cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

49
Q

What are 4 types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic, and motor end-plate

50
Q

What does fast axonal transport move?

A

membrane bound organelles including SER compartments, synaptic vesicles, and mitochondria

51
Q

Why can’t neurons undergo cellular division? What, however, is sometimes retained and why?

A

They lack centrioles.

Centrosome, potential contribution to microtubule nucleation

52
Q

What results from an excitatory synapse?

A

Depolarization of the following neuron’s plasma membrane, multiple of which can contribute to an action potential

53
Q

How does curare affect the motor endplate?

A

Binds to acetylcholine receptors and acts as a muscle relaxant

54
Q

What are the three types of neurons in the body (related to shape)? Where are each predominantly found?

A

Pseudounipolar (dorsal root ganglia and some crainial nerve ganglia)
Bipolar (sensory, primarily in major sense organs such as eye retina, elfactory mucosa, and cochlea/semicircular canals)
Multipolar (most common, motor and interneurons)

55
Q

Which two toxins can disable chemical synapses, including motor endplates?

A

Curare toxin and Botulinum toxin

56
Q

Which receptors are the largest of encapsulated nerve endings, consisting of concentric sheets of CT to respond to vibrations and deep pressure (pancreas, mesenteries, skin)

A

Pacinian corpuscle

57
Q

Neurons form synapses to allow them to communicate with what 3 structures?

A

Other neurons
Muscle cells
Glandular cells

58
Q

Which support cell stains positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)?

A

Astrocytes, cytoskeleton made of intermetiate filaments

59
Q

What are two types of chemical synapses?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

60
Q

What are astrocytomas?

A

Brain tumors caused by astrocytes.
20% of all brain tumors are caused by astrocytes
80% of tumors that originate in the brain are cuased by astrocytes

61
Q

What is the continuation of the plasma membrane called that an axon is enclosed in?

A

Axolemma

62
Q

Which multipolar neurons have a short axon?

A

Golgi type 2, found as interneurons in CNS

63
Q

What is glial scar?

A

Formed when local damage to the brain causes astrocytes to do gliosis (change to glial cells in brain)

64
Q

What are the most common neuroglial cells? What makes them distinct?

A

Oligodendrocytes, smaller than astrocytes

Small nuclei, abundant SER, and prominent golgi

65
Q

Which multipolar neurons have a long axon? Where are their found?

A

Golgi type 1, found in motor nuclei

66
Q

What are well developed RER denses structures called? How are they formed?

A

Nissl bodies, formed by parallel arrays of RER cisternae

67
Q

What does slow axonal transport move?

A

tubulin, actin, and neurofilament proteins

Histology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions