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Systems Neuro > Block 3- Parietal, Temporal, amygdala > Flashcards

Block 3- Parietal, Temporal, amygdala Flashcards

1
Q

DORSAL/where stream functions

A

Spatial awareness
Motion detection/visual guidance
Spatial/cognitive function, emotion

Representation of peripheral visual field

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2
Q

Middle temporal

A

Linear motion.

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3
Q

Middle superior temporal

A

Radial dynamic motion, different directions.

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4
Q

Injury to MT results in

A

Loss of motor perception

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5
Q

Attention

A

State if selectively processing simultaneous sources of Info (focus on one)

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6
Q

Posterior parietal Cortex

A

Spatial awareness

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7
Q

Parietal: Left vs. Right

A

Right: spatial

Left: Wernicke’s (language processing)

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8
Q

Superior parietal

A

Superior somatosensory cortex

Tactile info, control of action

Area 5 is visuospatial Attention.

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9
Q

Inferior parietal

A

Polymodal info. Visuospatial Cognition (area 7)

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10
Q

Superior and inferior parietal are separated by

A

Intraparietal sulcus

Has cells important for processing spatial attention

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11
Q

Ventral stream Functions

A

Blob/interblob striate

Shape, color perception
Object/face recognition (IT areas)
Visual patterns

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12
Q

Lateral intraparietal area

A

Spatial attention. (lateral sulcus)

Responses enhanced by attention. If looking at cue, firing increases to enhance processing.

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13
Q

Ventral intraparietal area

A

Visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas brought together (polymodal)

Taste/olfaction too

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14
Q

Parietal injury

A

Parietal cortex lesions can have different frames of reference

Egocentric: self/objects

Allocentric: objects/objects

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15
Q

Parietal bilateral lesions

A

Simultanagnosia

Inability to see multiple objects at once

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16
Q

Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) lesion, component of Balient’s

A

Optic Ataxia

Impairment of visually guided teaching

Affect hemisphere generally opposite lesion.

Inability to use visuospatial info to guide limb movements

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17
Q

Lesion to parietal lobe (usually right)

A

Hemispatial neglect

Failure to notice objects in hemifield contralateral to lesion

Failure of cortical processing.

Draw a clock picture

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18
Q

Dorsal pathway (3 steps)

A

polymodal neocortical

Parahippocampal/posthirinal (spatial cognition)

Hippocampus (medial entorhinal area) –> Spatial grid cells.

Prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

Ventral pathway 3 steps

A

Unimodal neocortical

Parahippocampus/Perirhinal cortex

Hippocampus (Lateral Entrohinal area) –> Olfactory/somatosensory

Prefrontal cortex

Goes to CA3, then to CA1

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20
Q

LTD (decrease synaptic efficacy) and LTP take place in

A

Hippocampus, important for memory.

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21
Q

Working/short term memory (<1 min) is located…

A

Prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

Explicit memory (autobiographical/conscious) is located in…

(Also, subdivisions)

A

Hippocampus

Explicit –> declarative (facts/events)

Declarative —>

  1. Episodic (events/experiences)
  2. Semantic (faces, concepts)
23
Q

Implicit memory (unconscious) is located in

A

Cerebellum, includes procedural memory (skills/tasks)

24
Q

Entrohinal is ___ layers, neocortical

Hippocampus is ___ layers, transition from cortical to hippocampus.
Allocortex

A

6

3

25
Q

What happened to HM?

A

Epilepsy

Temporal lobe parts removed bilaterally

Anterograde amnesia (no future)

26
Q

What was removed from HM?

A

Most of amygdaloid complex

Hippocampus except for 2 cm at caudal end

Parahippocampal gurus (including Entrohinal, perirhinal, parahippocamphs cortices)

Anterograde amnesia

Procedural memory intact (kept cerebellum)

27
Q

Inside the hippocampus pathway

Trisynaptic pathway

A

Granule cells –> CA3/CA2 (paraminal cells) –> CA1

Main LTP area is parametal? Cells in CA1 receiving connections from CA3

28
Q

Where do Association areas of cortex project to?

A

Medial temporal lobe, specifically parahippocampal region.

Few inputs direct to hippocampus

29
Q

What cortex (parahippocampal) is responsible for object recognition?

A

Perirhinal cortex

30
Q

What cortex (parahippocampal region) is responsible for context, spatial cognition, navigation, object location?

A

Postrhinal cortex

31
Q

Afferents/efferents to perirhinal cortex (PER) (ventral)

A

Inputs: Somatosensory/Amygdala

32
Q

Afferents/efferents of postrhinal cortex

A

Input: Visual, superior colliculus

Projects to medial Entrohinal cortex (CA1/dorsal subiculum)

33
Q

Overall: lateral hippocampus

Brodman area 28a

A

Olfactory/somatosensory

34
Q

Overall: medial hippocampus

Brodman areas 28b

Convergence of ____ onto ____ is sufficient for place cell properties.

A

Spatial info (grid cells) and head direction

Convergence of grid cells onto CA1 is sufficient for place cell properties

35
Q

The perfurent pathway

A

From Entrohinal to hippocampus

36
Q

grid cells

A

Converge into CA1 for place cells in hippocampus.

Grid cells are human brain GPS. For spatial navigation:

Grid cells fire AP @ different points in environment on triangular grid such that within grid cells, it fired at one place in environment.

Grid cells clustered in hippocampus, spread out in mEC

37
Q

Amygdala is located in _____ and overactive in anxiety

A

Medial temporal lobe

38
Q

Within human amygdala, what are the 3 main groups of nuclei? And are they inputs or outputs?

A

Inputs: basolateral, corticomedial

Outputs: central nucleus

39
Q

Circuitary within the amygdala is

A

Excitatory, glutaminergic

40
Q

Central nucleus projects from amygdala are

A

Inhibitory

41
Q

Output from amygdala mainly effects the

A

Autonomic nervous system

42
Q

What do amygdala outputs to hypothalamus do?

A

active nervous system (sympathetic)
Hormones
HPA axis
Reactions

43
Q

In amygdala, projections in basolateral group tend to be _____. Whereas projection neurons in central nucleus tend to be _____.

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

44
Q

Extinction

A

Formation of new memory that context or cue is no longer adverse.

45
Q

What is the neurological difference between using the same context (but w/o shock) and using a modified context with the cue?

A

Context: hippocampus/amygdala

Cue: auditory/visual/amygdala

46
Q

Activation of what two areas induces fear conditioning?

A

Lateral amygdala neurons

Sensory stimulus (auditory)

47
Q

See an increase in freezing if you depolarize with

A

Rhodopsin

48
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Small group inhibitory interneurons, role in extinction

When you kill them, less extinction.

Excited by infralimbic cortex and output to central nucleus.

49
Q

What is the best case for LTP memory?

A

Amygdala

Postsynaptic depolarization, presynaptic stimulation.

LTP response to coordinated input important for memories

50
Q

What do inputs from prelimbic area of PFC do?

A

Increase activity in fear neurons which INHIBIT excitation neurons and activate output by central nucleus.

51
Q

What do inputs from infralimbic area of PFC do?

A

Increase activity of excitation neurons which inhibits fear neurons

52
Q

______ in the amygdala is response to systemic stressors, such as inflammatory challenge and hemorrhage.

A

Central nucleus

53
Q

________ in amygdala are respond more to psychological responses

A

Lateral/basolateral

54
Q

_________ areas of amygdala are responsible for noise, restraint, and forced swim.

A

Medial amygdala and basolateral

Systems Neuro (13 decks)

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