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Systems Neuro > Motor Systems > Flashcards

Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

High motor neurons

A

Function: Strategy
Structures: association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia

From brain to spinal cord

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2
Q

Middle motor neurons

A

Function: Tactics
Structures: motor cortex,cerebellum

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3
Q

Low motor neurons

A

Function: execution
Strategy: brain stem, spinal cord

Exit spinal cord to innervated muscles

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4
Q

Axial muscles

A

movement of trunk

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5
Q

Proximal-gridle muscles:

A

shoulder, elbow, pelvis, knee

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6
Q

Distal muscles

A

hands, feet, digits (fingers/toes)

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7
Q

Smooth muscle- enteric

A

innervated by nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system (ex: digestion and blood pressure)

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8
Q

Striated muscles

A

cardiac (heart) and skeletal

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9
Q

skeletal muscles

A

bulk of muscle mass- mediates movements, facial expression etc.

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10
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- ALS (lou Gehrig’s)

A

muscle weakness/atrophy, slow deterioration of alpha motor neurons due to loss of superoxide dismutase, meaning they can’t break down free radials.

Excitotoxicity: glutamate overstimulation, treatment targets release of glutamate.

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11
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Progressive weakness and muscle deterioration= genetic loss of dystrophin

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12
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disease- nAChRs

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13
Q

Cortico/Rubrospinal tract functions.

A

Transmission of commands for skilled movements. Corrections of motor patterns generated by spinal cord.

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14
Q

Antigravity muscles are mainly _____ and ______

A

Paravertebral extensors

Proximal extensor arms of legs

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15
Q

Recticulospinal functions

A
  1. Activate spinal motor programs for steeping and other stereotyped movements
  2. upright body posture
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16
Q

Corticospinal tract crosses in ____. It controls distal musculature (extensors). What happens if it is lesion?

A

Crosses in pyramids.

If lesioned, can’t move limbs independently, voluntary movements are slow and inaccurate. Rubrospinal may compensate.

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17
Q

Rubrospinal Tract receives central input from ____ and crosses in the ____.

A

Cortex

Pons

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18
Q

Lateral Pathways control what?

A

Voluntary movements of distal musculature- primarily to flexors/extensors?

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19
Q

Ventral pathway functions

A

postural musculature. Originate in brainstem, use sensory info about balance and position to reflexively maintain balance and posture

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20
Q

Vestibulospinal pathway

A

Vestibular nucleus/labyrinth. Cranial Nerve 8. Control neck/back muscles down lumbar to facilitate extensor muscles of legs . Cerebellar inputs, no cortical.

Generation of tonic activity in antigravity muscles

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21
Q

Tectospinal

A

Originate in superior colliculus (tectum). head/neck posture and movement

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22
Q

Area 4- primary motor cortex M1

A

Wilder penfield

Stimulation leads to movement/twitching in arm/limb, motor output.

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23
Q

Area 6: PMA

What does it do, and where does it project to?

A

Premotor area: skill voluntary movement (sensory-motor associations). Projects to reticulospinal/proximal muscles.

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24
Q

Area 6: Supplementary motor area (SMA).

Also, what do lesion result in?

A

Sequences and bimanual coordination innervation to distal muscles.

Apraxia- inability to perform skilled movements.

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25
Q

What area has the lowest threshold for elicitation of the movements by electrical stimulation?

A

Area 4

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26
Q

Activity in M1 motor neurons encodes what two things?

A

Force and direction

27
Q

What are the dopaminergic inputs that degenerate during Parkinson’s?

A

Those to the substantia nigra pars compacta= striatum

28
Q

What disease results in HYPOkinesia (decreased movement) by degeneration of substantia nigra (pars compacta) resulting in tonic inhibition to thalamus?

A

Parkinson’s (more inhibition)

29
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slow movements (substantia nigra)

30
Q

Akinesia

A

Difficulty in initiating willed movements (substantia nigra)

31
Q

Rigidity

A

increased muscle tone (substantia nigra)

32
Q

Tremors at rest

A

Subtantia nigra

33
Q

What disease results in Hyperkinesia because of loss of neurons caudate-putamen and GP and loss of inhibitory input to thalamus?

A

Huntington’s (less inhibition)

Also dementia, personality changes

34
Q

Dyskinesias

A

Abnormal, purposeless movements

Caudate-putamen, and GP

35
Q

Chorea

A

spontaneous uncontrolled movements (Caudate-putamen, GP)

36
Q

Ballism (or more common, hemiballism)

A

wild flinging of extremities., hyperkinesia.

Damage to subthalamic nucleus, loss of excitatory input to GP, facilitation of VLo. Did inhibition

37
Q

Hyperkinesia means (increased or decreased) BG output?

A

Decreased

38
Q

List that Basal Ganglia Planned movements pathway

A

input to thalamus (VLo) then to Area 6

39
Q

List Cerebellum coordinated motor function pathway

A

input to thalamus (VLc) then to area 4, then project to layer 5, betz cells

40
Q

Cerebellum inputs

A

spinal cord/brain stem, proprioceptive

inputs from cerebral cortex to coordinate motor outputs

41
Q

Cerebellum outputs

A

thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord.

42
Q

Cerebellum lesion ataxia

A

inaccurate, uncoordinated movements

43
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Motor Learning (learning motor sequences, multi-joint movements)

Coordinate movement (movement/balance)

44
Q

Cerebellum Excitatory input from _____ and inhibitory output to _____.

A

Inferior olive

Deep Nuclei

45
Q

Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum. Function and deep nucleus

A

Head/body in space, equilibrium, eye orienting

Fastigial nucleus

46
Q

Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum: Function and deep nucleus

A

Control axial musculature through fastigial and vernal cortex.

Limb musculature through interposed nuclei and paravernal cortex

Interposed (globose and emboliform) deep nuclei

47
Q

Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum (nocerebellum) Lateral

A

Precision and timing of movements of upper extremities (arms/legs), lateral hemispheres.

Dentate nucleus

48
Q

Alpha motor neuron inputs

A

Spinal innervation

Sensory input from muscles spindles

Input from upper motor neurons in the brain

49
Q

Muscle spindles function? (La sensory neurons)

A

Sense muscles length

In parallel

Largest and fastest axons

50
Q

Gamma neurons ___intrafusiak fibers when extrafusial shorten

A

Contract

51
Q

Gamma neurons _____ la activity

A

Increase

52
Q

Myotactic reflex

A

Knee jerk, vibration, causes extension

La axon —> alpha motor neuron

53
Q

Reverse myotactic reflex

A

Prevents muscle overload, keeps tension in optimal range

LB axon —> inhibitory interneuron, which inhibits alpha neuron.

Golgi neurons inhibit Lowe motor neurons

54
Q

Reciprocal inhibition.

A

Contract one muscle with la axon, relax antagonistic muscles

55
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Withdraw from pain

56
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Withdrawal of antigravity extensor muscles of leg opposite pain

57
Q

Function of golgi tendon organ

A

Strain gauge, monitors muscles tension/congregation.

Synapses in central horn.

Lb axon active with alpha motor neurons.

58
Q

Lesions in vestibulocerebellum

A

Unsteady

Drunk

Fall

59
Q

Lesions in ponticerebellum

A

Hypotonia, ataxia

Intention tremor (when you reach for stuff)

60
Q

In granular layer, ______ are excitatory, _______ are inhibitory

A

Granule

Golgi

61
Q

Mossy fibers send glutamate to

A

Golgi and granule

62
Q

Climbing fibers are excitatory, and aspartate synapse on _____ cells

A

Purkinje

63
Q

Multilayered fibers are

A

Inhibitory

Systems Neuro (13 decks)

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