Block 4 L2 anaemia Flashcards
(23 cards)
causes of anaemia?
Anaemia is caused by a reduced number of red blood cells in circulation, or a decreased amount of haemoglobin in the red blood cells
common side effects of anaemia?
In patients, this causes weakness, tiredness, inability to exercise and shortness of breath
what is pallor?
pale
what is tachycardia?
pulse rate over 100 beets per min
what is glossitis?
swollen and painful tongue (B12 deficiency)
poilonychia
spoon nails (iron defficiency)
name of conditions affecting erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?
pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)
Conditions affecting production of other cell types in addition to RBCs (white cells and platelets) name?
pancytopenia
what are Haemolytic anaemias caused by?
premature destruction (reduced lifespan from~120 days) of functional erythrocytes either by extrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms.
Allo-immune haemolysis is an extrinsic cause what happens?
Alloantibodies are produced in response to the immune recognition of foreign erythrocytes that have been introduced via a blood transfusion or due to pregnancy (following the mixing of maternal and foetal blood at delivery)
Alloantibodies are produced in response to the immune recognition of foreign erythrocytes that have been introduced via a blood transfusion or due to pregnancy (following the mixing of maternal and foetal blood at delivery)
Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is an extrinsic cause of heamolytic anaemia, what happens?
Autoantibodies are found when a patients’ immune system produces antibodies that recognize their own erythrocytes as foreign and mediate their destruction
what are Haemoglobinopathies? example?
Haemoglobinopathies are autosomal co-dominant genetic defects resulting in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the haemoglobin molecule
in sickle cell anaemia, where is the mutation?
Sickle cell anaemia is attributed to mutations in the beta-globin gene.
essential micronutrients for red cell synthesis?
The essential micronutrients iron, vitamins B12 and B6 and folic acid are required for various steps in regulating erythrocyte function, especially for the metabolism of haem.
on a blood film, what is iron defficiency defined by?
Iron deficiency is characterised by hypochromic (pale) microcytes (small)
what is sideroblastic anaemia?
Sideroblastic anaemia is characterized not by lack of iron, but its failure to be incorporated into haem in the erythrocyte precursor cells.
where is haem synthesised?
Haem is a complex molecule synthesized in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of erythrocyte progenitor cells.
when is vitamin B12 andd folate used?
Vitamin B12/folate is essential for DNA synthesis in erythrocyte proliferation
HB
RBC
MCV
HCT
HB = haemoglobin RBC = red blood cells MCV = mean corpuscular volume HCT = haematocrit
MCH
MCHC
RDW
MCH = mean corpuscular haemoglobin MCHC = MCH concentration RDW = Red blood cell distribution width
causes of microlytic anaemia?
iron defficiency, thalassaemia, lead poisoning,
causes of normacytic anaemias?
bone marrow disorders, acute blood loss
causes of macrocytic anaemia?
B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, liver disease
