lecture 9 hypersensativity and autoimmunity

Question 1

can T cells undergo affinity maturation?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

when to T cells get variation in the hypervariable loops?

Answer 2

during recombination (rag 1 and rag 2)

Question 3

what do TdT cells do to antibodies?

Answer 3

add random nucleotides

Question 4

what are the four mechanisms driving an abnormal immune response?

Answer 4

type 1 type 2 type 3 and type 4

Question 5

what mediates type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 5

IgE antibodies

Question 6

where do IgE antibodies bind to?(type1)

Answer 6

mast cells and basophils

Question 7

on mast cells and basophils what do antibodies act as?(type1)

Answer 7

receptors for allergens

Question 8

what induces cellular deregulation from mast cells?(type1)

Answer 8

cross linking of r or more IgE receptors

Question 9

what is released during degranulation of mast cells?(type1)

Answer 9

histamine, leukotrienes and protoglandins

Question 10

what does histamine do upon degranulation?(type1)

Answer 10

dilates blood vessels, increases permeability of blood vessels, increases mucus secretion and smooth muscle contraction

Question 11

what do prostoglandins do upon degranulation?(type1)

Answer 11

contract smooth muscle and increase msucus secretion

Question 12

what do leukotrienes do upon degranulation?(type1)

Answer 12

bronchial spasms

Question 13

what happens to blood pressure during anaphylaxis?(type1)

Answer 13

drops

Question 14

what is IgE released by?(type1)

Answer 14

B cells that have class switched by cytokines

Question 15

on mast cells where do IgE bind to?(type1)

Answer 15

Fc epsilon receptors

Question 16

what does mast cell activation and degranulation cause in the GI tract?(type1)

Answer 16

increase in peristalsis, increased fluid, vomitting and diaoreah

Question 17

what happens during mast cell degranulation in the eyes, nasal cavity and airways?(type1)

Answer 17

increased diameter and increased musuc secretion leading to congestion and blockage of airways

Question 18

mast cell activation in blood vessels causes what?(type1)

Answer 18

inc fluid in tissues, increased flow of lymph to lymph nodes, increased effector response in tissues and hypotension

Question 19

what is released in immediate degranulation?(type1)

Answer 19

histamine, TNFalph, proteses and heparin

Question 20

what do leukotrienes do?(type1)

Answer 20

recruit neutrophils, cause bronchio constriction, increase vascular permeability, cause mucus secretion and chemotaxis

Question 21

what does TNFa do?(type1)

Answer 21

causes tissue injury and cell recruitment

Question 22

what do proteases do in the context of mast cell release?(type1)

Answer 22

tissue injury and mucus production

Question 23

what are the characteristic symptoms of allergic disease?(type1)(type1)

Answer 23

rhinnorrohea, itching and nasopharyngeal congestion

Question 24

what is the treatment in type 1 hypersensitivity?(type1)

Answer 24

anti IgE

Question 25

what are bronchio dilators?(type1)

Answer 25

short acting B2 andrenergic receptor agonists

Question 26

what does an epipen do?(type1)

Answer 26

causes vaso constrction and relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 27

in atopic dermatitis what does a break in the skin result in?(type1)

Answer 27

neutraphil influx

Question 28

physiology of itching in atopic dermatitis? (type1)

Answer 28

skin gets damaged and releases TSPL which binds to the itch neuron causing you to itch and so the cylce repeats

Question 29

what can be used to stop the itchiness cycle? (type1)

Answer 29

emolliants

Question 30

what is type 4 hypersensitivity response mediated by? (type4)

Answer 30

cell mediated response

Question 31

why is there a slow reactiuon?(type4)

Answer 31

cells need to migrate

Question 32

which type of T cell is involved in a contact hypersensitivity response? (type4)

Answer 32

CD8T cells

Question 33

what is the treatment in contact hypersensitivity?(type4)

Answer 33

contact avoidance

Question 34

what cells educate T cells?(type4)

Answer 34

education of T cell is done by thymic epithelial

Question 35

what is the process of removing T cells called?(type4)

Answer 35

negative selection

Question 36

what are T cells removed during negative selection?(type4)

Answer 36

bind too strong

Question 37

what regulates normal immune homeostasis?`

Answer 37

co-stimulation and T regulator cells

Question 38

what is type 2 hypersensitivity characterised by?

Answer 38

characterised by IgM and IgE binding to cells and causing lysis by complement activation

Question 39

what happens when antibodies bind to the complement cascade?(type 2)

Answer 39

pores are created in the compliment cascade

Question 40

what can induce haemolytic anaemia? (type 2)

Answer 40

drugs

Question 41

what happens in drug induces anaemia? (type 2)

Answer 41

drugs bind to the red cells making the body recognise them as foreign and induces the production of antibodies causeing the red blood cells to by lysed or phagocytosed

Question 42

what happens in myasthenia gravis? (type 2)

Answer 42

autoantibodies block acetylcholine transmisson

Question 43

what is the treatment in myasthenia gravis?(type 2)

Answer 43

antibody removal, thymus removal

Question 44

what is type three hypersensativity characterised by?

Answer 44

characterised by IgG antibodies against soluble anigens

Question 45

what causes the inflammation in type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 45

antibody antigen complexes deposited actiavting the complement system and therefor infalmmation damage