Block 4.3 -- pH Principles and Disorders

Question 1

When dieting, are acids or bases more favored?

Answer 1

Acids are more favored

Question 2

Are acids or bases GI secretions?

Answer 2

Acids

Question 3

Are acids or bases de novo generation during metabolism?

Answer 3

Acids

Question 4

Is CO2 a volatile acid or nonvolatile acid?

Answer 4

Volatile acid

Question 5

What is the largest source of de novo generation during metabolism?

Answer 5

Carbon dioxide

Question 6

CO2 reacts with H2O to make what, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-?

Answer 6

Carbonic acid

Question 7

Under anaerobic conditions, what is generated?

Answer 7

Lactic acid

Question 8

Is lactic acid a volatile or nonvolatile acid?

Answer 8

Nonvolatile acid

Question 9

If insulin is what, then ketosis leads to organic ketoacids?

Answer 9

Low

Question 10

There are few dietary or metabolic sources of what?

Answer 10

Bases

Question 11

A proton is H+, or an H atom that has given up what?

Answer 11

An electron

Question 12

What is any substance that can release/give up a proton?

Answer 12

Acid

Question 13

What is any substance that can accept a proton?

Answer 13

Base

Question 14

Most H+ is bound to a what, both inside and outside the cells, making levels of freely circulating H+ low.

Answer 14

Buffer

Question 15

Normal pH of the plasma is between what levels?

Answer 15

7.38-7.42

Question 16

pH=log 1/[?]

Answer 16

H+

Question 17

Do pH and H+ have a direct relationship or an inverse relationship?

Answer 17

Inverse relationship

Question 18

Is H+ concentration obligate or tightly regulated?

Answer 18

Tightly regulated as it affects a lot of things

Question 19

pH disturbances are associated with what disturbances?

Answer 19

K+

Question 20

What two responses/compensation can move the pH closer to normal but may not correct the problem?

Answer 20

Renal and respiratory compensation

Question 21

What is the four parts of the circle of pH regulation?

Answer 21

Buffering to Respiratory Response to Renal Response to pH Change to Buffering

Question 22

Are acids 0-7 or 7-14?

Answer 22

0-7

Question 23

What attenuates changes in pH and bicarbonate is one of them?

Answer 23

Buffers

Question 24

The lungs (ventilation) have a rapid response to pH homeostasis. It corrects 75% of what but can also cause them?

Answer 24

Disturbances

Question 25

The kidneys directly regulate pH homeostasis by excreting or reabsorbing what?

Answer 25

H+

Question 26

The kidneys indirectly regulate by changing the rate at which what buffer is reabsorbed or excreted?

Answer 26

Bicarbonate

Question 27

A buffer is a substance (typically a weak what) which can reversely bind hydrogen ions (H+)?

Answer 27

Acid

Question 28

Buffer systems prevent large changes in what during transient accumulation of acid and bases?

Answer 28

pH

Question 29

If an acid load is not buffered, what happens to pH?

Answer 29

Drops rapidly

Question 30

What are the principal buffers in the body?

Answer 30

Weak acids

Question 31

Is HCl a strong or weak acid? Does it almost completely dissociate and does it produce H+?

Answer 31

Strong acid, yes and yes

Question 32

Are H2PO4 and HPO4 strong or weak acids?

Answer 32

Weak acids

Question 33

Do weak acids completely dissociate or partially dissociate?

Answer 33

Partially dissociate

Question 34

The majority (60%) of buffering occurs intracellularly, with H+ exchanges with what other element?

Answer 34

K+

Question 35

The most important intracellular buffers are proteins, including what?

Answer 35

Hemoglobin

Question 36

H+ will influence affinity of what for O2?

Answer 36

Hemoglobin

Question 37

What is the enzyme that allows the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-?

Answer 37

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 38

Is carbonic anhydrase fast or slow?

Answer 38

Very fast

Question 39

Physiologically, pH is the ratio of HCO3- to what?

Answer 39

Carbon dioxide

Question 40

HCO3- is a variable regulated by what?

Answer 40

Kidneys

Question 41

CO2 is a variable regulated by what?

Answer 41

Lungs

Question 42

In the Law of Mass Action, if there is an excess of something, does the net reaction move towards the excess or away?

Answer 42

Away from it

Question 43

What are three extracellular buffers?

Answer 43

Ammonia, phosphate, and bicarbonate

Question 44

Which two extracellular buffers have limited capacity due to the end of products buildup?

Answer 44

Ammonia and phosphate

Question 45

Which extracellular buffer has unlimited capacity due to removal of end products?

Answer 45

Bicarbonate

Question 46

Does phosphate exist at pH of 7.4?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

What are the two major forms of phosphate?

Answer 47

H2PO4- and HPO4-3

Question 48

At a pH of 7.4, is there more di-H or mono-H phosphate?

Answer 48

More mono-H phosphate with a ratio of 4:1

Question 49

H2CO3 does or does not accumulate as it is converted to carbon dioxide and water?

Answer 49

Does not accumulate

Question 50

CO2 is exhaled by the what?

Answer 50

Lungs

Question 51

H2O is diluted into the body's what?

Answer 51

Pool

Question 52

Of the three stages, what occurs in seconds-minutes, 1-15 minutes, and hours-days with respiratory response, buffering, and renal response?

Answer 52

Buffering: Seconds-minutes Respiratory Response: 1-15 minutes Renal Response: Hours-days

Question 53

In respiratory diseases, what is altered?

Answer 53

Partial pressure of CO2

Question 54

In metabolic diseases, what is altered?

Answer 54

Bicarbonate (kidney disease)

Question 55

In respiratory acidosis, the lungs unable to blow off CO2, pushing the reaction to the left. What does this increase and decrease?

Answer 55

Increases H+ and decreases pH

Question 56

Is respiratory alkalosis or respiratory acidosis a more common problem?

Answer 56

Respiratory acidosis

Question 57

Respiratory alkalosis is hyperventilation, or overuse of artificial air, decreasing partial pressure of CO2. What does this decrease and increase?

Answer 57

Decreases H+ and increases pH

Question 58

In respiratory alkalosis, decreased CO2 levels are compensated by an increase or decrease in bicarbonate?

Answer 58

Decrease in bicarbonate

Question 59

In respiratory acidosis, increased CO2 levels are compensated by an increase or decrease in bicarbonate?

Answer 59

Increase in bicarbonate

Question 60

In metabolic alkalosis, increased bicarbonate levels are compensated by an increase or decrease in CO2? Does this increase or decrease respiration?

Answer 60

Increase in CO2, decreasing respiration

Question 61

In metabolic acidosis, decreased bicarbonate levels are compensated by an increase or decrease in CO2? Does this increase or decrease respiration?

Answer 61

Decrease in CO2, increasing respiration