Block 5 Flashcards
(56 cards)
What type of bone does osteoporosis primarily involve? What findings will you see?
Primarily involves trabechular (spongy/cancellous) bone
You will see trabechular thinning with fewer interconnections
What disease presents with thymus abnormalities, such as thymoma, thymic hyperplasia and extraocular muscle weakness?
Myasthenia gravis
What is confounding?
When a perceived association between an exposure and an outcome is actually explained by a confounding variable associated with both the exposure and the outcome
(example: kids and shoe size, IQ, confounding = age)
What method is generally used in the design stage of case-control studies to control confounding?
Matching
What do you see after 12-48 hours of inadequate blood flow to the brain?
“red neurons”
eosinophilic cytoplasm, puknotic nuclei, loss of Nissl substance
What do you see after 24-72 hours of inadequate blood flow to the brain?
necrosis and neutrophilic infiltration
What do you see after 3-5 days of inadequate blood flow to the brain?
macrophage infiltration and phagocytosis
What do you see after 1-2 weeks of inadequate blood flow to the brain?
reactive gliosis, vascular proliferation –> liquefactive necrosis
What do you see after >2 weeks of inadequate blood flow to the brain?
glial scar –> cystic area surrounded by gliosis (>1 month)
Do NK cells express CD4, CD8, or CD3 molecules on their surface?
No
Do NK cells express either CD16 or CD56?
Yes
Do NK cells require the thymus for maturation?
No, they are present in athymic patients
Do NK cells have antigen-specific activities or require exposure to antigen for activation? Do they possess antigen meory ability?
NO to all of those things
Are NK cells activated by interferon-gamma and IL-12?
Yes
What nutritional changes related to the pancreas may occur in severe CF?
Severe CF may cause total obstructino of pancreas followed by complete fibrotic atrophy of exocrine glands –> deficiency in fat soluble vitamins
What vitamin is a nueroprotective agent that may slow functional losses in Alzheimer’s?
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol)
What may avitaminosis A contribute to?
Squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining of pancreatic exocrine ducts, which are already injured and predisposed to squamous metaplasia by inspissated mucus (thickened)
normal levels of what vitamin are required to maintain orderly differentiation of specialized epithelia, including mucus-secreting columnar epithelium?
vitamin A
when a deficiency state exists, the epithelium undergoes squamous metaplasia to a keratinizing epithelium
which bacteria can destroy RBCs through cold-aggultinins, leading to mild anemia and also cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome & joint pains?
mycoplasma pneumonia
What happens to patients with galactosemia and galactitol accumulation?
galactitol accumulates in the lens of patients and causes osmotic damage leading to cataract formation
How is galacticol formed?
from excess circulating galactose in galactosemia by aldose reductase
Where does the PCL attach?
Inferior to the posterior part of the intercondular area of the tibia and the anterior part of the lateral surface of the media epicondyle of the femur
What a Kerley B lines and when are they seen?
They are seen on the xrays of pts with left heart failure
Short horizontal lines situated perpendicularly to the pleural surface that represent edema of the interlobular septa
In A fib, what regulates the number of atrial impulses that reach the ventricle and determines the ventricular contraction rate?
AV node
