block 6 lecture 6

Question 1

what is stress?

Answer 1

any condition that poses a challenge to the bodies ability to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

what is good stress called?

Answer 2

eustress

Question 3

what is eustress for?

Answer 3

good stress that prepares you for challenges

Question 4

what is bad stress called?

Answer 4

distress

Question 5

what is a stressor?

Answer 5

any stimulus that produces a stress response

Question 6

what are the 4 types of stressors?

Answer 6

internal, external, psycological, physiological

Question 7

what are the types of external stress?

Answer 7

physical environment
social interactions
organisational
major life events
daily hassels

Question 8

what are some examples of internal stress?

Answer 8

lifestyle choices
negative self critic
mind
personality traits

Question 9

what is general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 9

physiological response to stressors to maintain homeostasis

Question 10

what are the 3 main stages of stress response?

Answer 10

alarm phase
resistance
exhaustion

Question 11

what is the pathway of the short term stress response?

Answer 11

stress - cerebral cortex - hypothalamus - sympathetic nervous system - adrenal medulla - catecholamines

Question 12

what is the pathway of the long term stress response?

Answer 12

stress - cerebral cortex - hypothalamus - pituitary gland - adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids

Question 13

what are the catecholamines in the short term stress response?

Answer 13

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 14

what are the glucocorticoids in the long term stress response?

Answer 14

cortisol

Question 15

how is the alarm phase characterised?

Answer 15

short lived, rapid action, activates sympathetic nervous system

Question 16

what are the sympathetic nervous system responses to stress in the alarm phase?

Answer 16

glycogen > glucose in the liver/ increases metabolic rate/ increases blood pressure/ blood is diverted to the skeletal system/ dilation of airways/ alertness increased/ sweating

Question 17

what does long term stress activate?

Answer 17

HPA axis

Question 18

what do neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 18

CRH

Question 19

what does CRH activate?

Answer 19

the anterior pituitary gland

Question 20

what does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 20

ACTH

Question 21

where does the ACTH go from the pituitary gland?

Answer 21

travels in the blood to the adrenal gland

Question 22

what does ACTH do?

Answer 22

stimulates cells in the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

Question 23

what does cortisol do?

Answer 23

glucose is synthesized from lipids and amino acids,

Question 24

other than cortisol what is released by the adrenal glands in the long term stress response?

Answer 24

aldosterone

Question 25

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 25

retention of sodium, retention of water, increased blood pressure

Question 26

what does the long term stress response do to the immune system?

Answer 26

suppresses it

Question 27

what happens in exhaustion phase?

Answer 27

resources of the body become so depleted they cant sustain resistence phase

Question 28

what happens during prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol?

Answer 28

muscle breakdown, suppression of the immune system, ulcers in GI tract, depression, failure of pancreatic beta cells, aging

Question 29

what is the amygdala involved with?

Answer 29

fear response

Question 30

what is activated in the amygdala to produce a stress response?

Answer 30

activation of the central nucleus

Question 31

what regulates the CRH neurones in the hypothalamus?

Answer 31

amygdala and the hippocamus

Question 32

what does amygdala activation stimulate?

Answer 32

HPA axis and stress response

Question 33

what does hippocampal activation do?

Answer 33

suppresses HPA axis

Question 34

what events are remembered better?

Answer 34

emotional

Question 35

what does injecting cortisol do?

Answer 35

enhances memory?

Question 36

what reduces memory?

Answer 36

propanolol and amygdala lesions

Question 37

what can acute stressors do to the immune system?

Answer 37

upregulate

Question 38

what does cortisol do to the immune system?

Answer 38

reduces the number of T and B cells