block 6 lecture 7 psychotic drug

Question 1

what do psychotropic drugs target?

Answer 1

dopamine, noradrenaling, serotonin and mono-oxygenase inhibitos

Question 2

what is the onset of schizophrenia?

Answer 2

young adult life

Question 3

what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 3

hallucinations/delusion/thought disorder

Question 4

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 4

lack of motivation/reduced speech/reduced emotion/social with drawl

Question 5

what is depression?

Answer 5

a collection of symptoms occuring together

Question 6

what do you experience changes in in depression?

Answer 6

sleep/appetite/weight/concentration

Question 7

what is bipolar disease?

Answer 7

episodes of manic and depression

Question 8

what happens in the manic episodes of bipolar disorder?

Answer 8

elation/increased energy/reduced sleep/overactivity/disinhibition/rapid speech

Question 9

what are the 4 dopamine pathways?

Answer 9

mesolimbic
mesocorticol
nigrostriatal
tubero-infundibular

Question 10

what is the mesolimbic system for?

Answer 10

reinforcement and reward

Question 11

what is the mesocortical system for?

Answer 11

planning

Question 12

what is the nigrostriatal pathway for?

Answer 12

initiation and controll of movement

Question 13

what is the tubero-infundibular system for?

Answer 13

dopamine inhibits the amount of prolactin hormone released by the pituitary gland (for making breast milk)

Question 14

what is the route the infundibular system takes?

Answer 14

hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Question 15

where is noradrenaline released from?

Answer 15

neurones that orginate in the locus coeruleus in the brain stem

Question 16

what does noradrenaline do?

Answer 16

influences: sleep/wakefullness/attention/feeding behaviour

Question 17

how is dopamin inactivated?

Answer 17

reuptake into presynaptic neuron

Question 18

what happens to the noradrenaline in the presynaptic neuron?

Answer 18

oxidised

Question 19

what is serotonin also known as?

Answer 19

5HT

Question 20

where is serotonin released form?

Answer 20

neurons that originate from the raphe nuclei in the brain stem

Question 21

what does serotonin influence?

Answer 21

mood, emotional behaviors and sleep

Question 22

what is serotonin inactivated by?

Answer 22

reuptake at the presynaptic membrane where its oxidised

Question 23

what is GABA released by?

Answer 23

inhibitory neurones in the CNS

Question 24

what do GABA receptors do when stimulated?

Answer 24

allow an influx of chloride ions across the post synaptic membrane causing hypopolarisation and inactiavtion

Question 25

what do antipsychotic do?

Answer 25

antagonise D2 receptors in the mesolimbic and mesocortical system

Question 26

what do antipsychotics treat?

Answer 26

schizophrenia delusions hallucinations thought disorder

Question 27

examples of antipsychotics?

Answer 27

Olanzapine, Risperidone, Haloperidol

Question 28

what are the side effects of antipsychotics?

Answer 28

``` affects: the nigrostriatal pathway and the tubulo-infundibular pathway block histamine receptors blocks muscarinic receptors blocks alpha adrenoceptors blocks serotonin receptors ```

Question 29

what are the nigrostriatal pathway side effects of antipsychotics?

Answer 29

parkinsonism/akathisia/dystonia/dyskinesia

Question 30

what is tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 30

involuntary movements of the face

Question 31

what is chlozapine good for?

Answer 31

when other drugs dont work

Question 32

what happens when the histamine receptors are blocked?

Answer 32

sedation

Question 33

what happens when the muscarinic receptors are blocked?

Answer 33

blocks parasympathetic nervous stimulation

Question 34

what happens when the alpha adrenoceptors are blocked?

Answer 34

postural hypertension

Question 35

what happens when the serotonin receptors are blocked?

Answer 35

weight gain

Question 36

what are the metabolic and cardiac side effects of antipsychotics?

Answer 36

``` weight gain loss of control of blood sugar raised cholesterol arrhythmia rarely idiosynoric ```

Question 37

why are the metabolic and cardiac side effects important to consider?

Answer 37

schizophrenia people are predisposed to cardiovascular disease

Question 38

whata re the three groups of antidepressants?

Answer 38

tricyclic serotonin reuptake inhibitors monoamine oxidatuion inhibitors

Question 39

what do tricyclic drugs do?

Answer 39

bl9ock noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake

Question 40

what do tricyclic treat?

Answer 40

depression/anxiety/chronic pain

Question 41

examples of tricyclic?

Answer 41

Amitriptyline, Lofepramine

Question 42

what are the side effects of Amitriptyline and Lofepramine?

Answer 42

antagonises H1 receptors antabonises muscarinic receptors antagonises alpha adrenoceptors

Question 43

what are SSRIs?

Answer 43

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | Block only serotonin reuptake transporters, increasing serotonin availability at the synapse

Question 44

what are SSRIs for?

Answer 44

depression

Question 45

examples of SSRIs?

Answer 45

Fluoxetine, Citalopram

Question 46

what are the side effects of SSRIs?

Answer 46

nausea and vomitting sexual dysfunction increase in scuicidal thoughts in young people withdrawl reaction

Question 47

what do MAOI do?

Answer 47

Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors Block the action of this enzyme in the nerve terminals, increasing the availability of Noradrenaline, Serotonin, Dopamine

Question 48

examples of MAOIs?

Answer 48

Phenelzine, Moclobemide

Question 49

what are the side effects of MAOIs?

Answer 49

hypotensive crisis

Question 50

what is lithium?

Answer 50

mood stabilizing drug

Question 51

what would you take lithium for?

Answer 51

bipolar

Question 52

what does lithium do?

Answer 52

``` Reduces excitory (Dopamine, Glutamate) increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission Effects intracellular secondary messengers e.g. reduces formation of inositol tri-phosphate Protects neurones from damage (“neuroprotective”) ```

Question 53

what are the side effects of lithium?

Answer 53

too high: | vomitting/shaking/drowsiness/ataxia = brain damage and death

Question 54

what cant you take while on lithium?

Answer 54

diuretics and NSAIDs

Question 55

what cant you take diuretics and NSAIDs while you are taking lithium?

Answer 55

stores lithium

Question 56

what do Benzodiazepines so?

Answer 56

Bind to a site on the GABA receptor, potentiating the effects of GABA ie the GABA causes more Cl- flux and more inhibition

Question 57

examples of Benzodiazepines?

Answer 57

Diazepam (Valium), Lorazepam (Ativan), Temazepam

Question 58

side effects of Benzodiazepines?

Answer 58

``` Drowsiness Confusion Forgetfulness Impaired motor control Tolerance and Dependence Respiratory depression –especially with alcohol ```