BLOCK 9 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
When is paracetemol used?
A
when NSAIDs cant be e.g. in a patient with a gastric ulcer
2
Q
how does paracetemol work/
A
it inhibits the COX enzyme or it affects the hypothalamus, giving the antipyretic effects
3
Q
what drug class is amoxicillin?
A
a beta-lactam antibiotic
4
Q
which bacteria does amoxicillin work against?
A
a wide range of gram-positive and a limiged range of gram-negative bacteria
5
Q
how does amoxicillin work?
A
it binds to penicillin binding protein 1A located inside bacterial cell walls, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. then, cell lysis is mediated by autolytic enzymes
6
Q
what can amoxicillin be taken with to overcome antibiotic resistance?
A
clavulanic acid
7
Q
what drug class is methicillin?
A
a transpeptide inhibitor
and a beta-lactam antibiotic
8
Q
how does methicillin work?
A
it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase enzymes
9
Q
what drug class is cefuroxime?
A
beta lactam/transpeptidase inhibitor
10
Q
how does cefuroxime work?
A
Interact directly with PBPs and inhibit transpeptidase activity
11
Q
can cefuroxime cross the blood brain barrier?
A
yes
12
Q
what drug class is benzylpenicillin?
A
a transpeptidase inhibitor and a beta lactam antibiotuc
13
Q
how does benzylpenicillin work?
A
it binds to penicillin binding proteins which inhibits cell wall synthesis
14
Q
what drug class is oxytetracycline?
A
a 30S inhibitor
15
Q
how does oxytetracycline work?
A
it inhibits bacterial cell wall growth by binding to the A site of the ribosome, causing inhibition of translation
16
Q
what drug class is erythromycin?
A
a 50S inhibitor
17
Q
what is erythromycin used to treat?
A
respiratory infections, syphillis, skin infections ad chronic prostatitis
18
Q
how does erythromycin work?
A
it reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes blocking the translocation of peptides to the donor site, inhibiting protein synthesis
19
Q
what type of antibiotic is gentamicin?
A
a 30S/50S inhibitor
its a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic
20
Q
what are the indications for gentamicin?
A
bacterial eye infections, diabetic foot infections, gram+bacterial endocarditis, septicaemia, meningitis, biliary-tract infections, pneumonia, prostatitis
21
Q
what type of antibiotic is rifampicin?
A
Antimycobacterial drug
a RNA/DNA polymerase inhibitor
a broad spectrum antibiotic
22
Q
how does rifampicin work?
A
it inhibits DNA-dependant RNA polymerase leading to suppression of RNA synthesis and cell death
23
Q
what are the indications of rifampicin?
A
mostly restricted to mycobacterial infections (e.g. Tb) due to the emergence of resistance
24
Q
what type of drug is trimethoprim?
A
a folate antagonist
25
what are the indications of trimethoprim?
UTI, acute and chronic bronchitis
26
how does trimethoprim work?
it binds to dihydrofolate reductase inhibiting the reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid- this inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis
27
what type of drug is sulfamethoxazole?
a sulfonamide drug
28
what are the indications of sulfamethoxazole?
bronchitis, prostatitis, UTI
29
how does sulfamethoxazole work?
it competes with PABA in binding to dihydrofolate synthesase which inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis= inhibits bacterial growth
30
what type of drug is vancomycin?
Glycopeptide
31
when is vancomycin used?
when all other antibiotics have failed
32
what type of drug is colistin?
a polymyxin antibiotic agent
33
how does colistin work?
it disrupts the bacterial cell membrane changing its permeability and it can precipitate cytoplasmic components
34
what type of antibiotic is ciprofloxacin?
a broad spectrum antibiotic (quinolone)
35
what drug class is fusidic acid?
a bacteriostatic antibiotic
36
how does fusidic acid work?
it inhibits the translocation of the elongation factor G from the ribosome, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis
37
what type of drug is ibuprofen?
NSAID
38
how does ibuprofen work?
it inhibits COX-2 reversibly which decreases the synthesis of prostaglandinswhich are involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever and swelling. its thought that it may also act on the hypothalamus to give the anti-pyretic effects
39
what drug class is aspirin?
NSAID
40
how does aspirin work?
It directly and irreversibly inhibits COX 1 and COX 2 which decreases the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
the effects last for the lifetime of the platelets (7-10 days)
41
what type of drug is Aciclovir?
an antiviral agent
42
how does Aciclovir work?
through a series of reactions aciclovir is converted to aciclovir triphosphate which competeitbely inhibits viral DNA polumerase by integrating itself into DNA and acting as a termination signal
43
what are the indications of Aciclovir?
herpes simplex virus
44
what type of drug is amantadine?
an antiviral drug and an antiparkinson agent when combined with L-dopa
45
how does amantadine work as an antiviral agent?
it inhibits the viral protein M2 which is needed for the viral particle to become uncoated once its taken inside the cell
46
what type of drug is diamorphine?
an analgesic and opiate receptor agonist
47
what are the indications of amantadine
various strains of influenza A virus
48
how does diamorphine work?
it reduces the production of endogenous opiods, stopping pain
49
what type of drug is amprenavir?
a protease inhibitor
50
what are the indications of amprenavir?
HIV-1
51
how does amprenavir work?
it inhibits HIV-1 protease which results in the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles
52
what type of drug is phenoxymethylpenicillin?
a narrow spectrum antibiotic
53
what is phenoxymethylpenicilin used to treat?
infections caused by susceptible gram positibe aerobic organisms
54
how does phenoxymethylpenicillin work?
it inhibits bacterial cell wall biosynthesis by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins inside the bacterial cell wall = lysis is mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes
55
what type of drug is zidovudine?
a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
56
what is zidovudine used to treat?
HIV-1
57
how does zidovudine work?
it competes for incorporation into viral DNA which inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase via DNA chain termination = termination of viral DNA growth
58
What type of drug is clotrimazole?
Anti-fungal therapy - azole
59
How does clotrimazole work?
It inhibits yeast demethylase that’s meant to convert lanosterol to ergosterol which leads to increased membrane permeability and disruption of membrane bound enzymes
60
What type of drug is fluconazole?
Anti fungal - azole
61
How does fluconazole work?
It inhibits 14 alpha demethylase which converts lanosterol to ergosterol so inhibition leads to increased membrane permeability and possibly disruption of membrane bound enzymes
62
What are the indications for clotrimazole?
Ring worm
Jock itch
Athletes foot
63
What are the indications of fluconazole?
Vaginal candidiasis
| Oropharyngeal or oesophageal candidiasis
64
What type of drug is nystatin?
An anti fungal - polyene
65
What is nystatins mechanism of action?
It binds to ergosterol on fungal cell membranes causing the formation of pores in the membrane and leading to potassium and other cellular constituents leakage causing cell death
66
What are the indications of nystatin?
Prevention of oral, anal and intestinal candidiasis
67
What type of drug is amphitericin?
An antifungal - polyene
68
How does amphotericin work?
Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes causing the formation of pores in the membrane and leading to cellular constituent leakage = cell death
69
What are the indications of amphotericin?
Life threatening fungal infections
70
What type of drug is pyrimethamine?
An anti malarial therapy
71
How does pyrimethamine work?
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase of plasmodia and thereby blocks the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines which are essential for DNA synthesis and cell multiplication
This leads to the failure of nuclear division at the time of schizont formation in erythrocytes and hepatocytes
72
What are the indications of pyrimethamine?
Treating uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria and toxoplasmosis
73
What type of drug is quinine?
An anti malarial
74
How does quinine work?
It inhibits the parasites ability to break down and digest hemoglobin causing the parasite to starve and build up toxic levels of partially degraded Hb
75
What are the indications of quinine?
Chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria
76
What type of drug is artemether?
A peroxide anti malarial
77
How does artemether work?
Artemether comes into contact with heme in the parasite vacuole causing a range of potentially toxic oxygen and carbon centred radicals
78
What are the indications of artemether?
treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum
79
What type of drug is griseofulvin?
a fungal mitosis inhibitor
80
what is griseofulvin a metabolic product of?
penicillium spp.
81
what are the indications of griseofulvin?
tinea corporals, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea barbae, tinea capitis, tinea unguium
82
what type of drug class is clobetasone?
a glucocorticoid nuclear hormone receptor agonist
83
what is clobetasone's mechanism of action?
bind to receptors causing the formation of a receptor-ligand complex, which translocates into the cell nucleus, where it binds to glucocorticoid response elements, causing the increase/decrease in expression of specific target genes
84
what are the indications of clobetasone?
```
eczema
psoriasis
prickly heat rash
insect bites and stings
nappy rash
```
85
what type of drug is fusidic acid?
a bacteriostatic antibiotic
86
what is fusidic acid's mechanism of action?
it inhibits the translocation of the elongation factor G from the ribosome, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis
87
what are the indications for fusidic acid?
staphylococcal skin infections
non-bulluos impetigo
secondary bacterial infection of eczema
88
what type of drug is dacarbazine?
a monofunctional alkylating agent
89
what are the indications for dacarbazine?
hodgkins
90
what type of drug is cyclophosphamide?
a bifunctional alkylating agent
91
what is cyclophosphamide used to treat?
lymphoma and leukaemia
92
what type of drug is rituximab?
a genetically engineered monoclonal antibody directed against CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes
93
what is rituximab used to treat?
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and rheumatoid arthritis
94
what type of drug is doxorubicin?
A DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitor
95
what is doxorubicin used to treat?
cancers of the ovary, prostate, stomach, thyroid; small cell cancer of lung, liver; squamous cell cancer of head and neck; multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, lymphomas, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
96
how does doxorubicin work?
it compoxes with DNA and then inhibits topoisomerase 2 activity
97
why type of drug is paclitaxal?
a microtubule stabilisation agent
98
what is paclitaxel used to treat?
breast cancer
ovarian cancer
non-small cell lung cancer
99
what type of drug is 5-flourouracil?
a prymidine analogue
100
what type o drug is etoposide?
a DNA topoisomerase 2 inhibitor
101
how does etoposide work?
it inhibits DNA topoisomerase 2, inhibiting DNA re-ligation causing critical errors in DNA synthesiss and leading to apoptosis of cancer cells
102
what are the indications of etoposide?
lung and testicular cancer
103
what type of drug is vinblastine?
a tubulin polymerase inhibitor
104
what are the indications of vinblastine?
bladder cancer
| breast, testicular and kidney cancer too
105
what type of drug is imatinib?
a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
106
what are the indications of imatinib?
chronic myeloid leukaemia, GI stromal tumours
107
how does imatinib work?
it targets Bcr-ABL tyrosine kinase causing inhibition of cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis
108
what type of drug is tretinoin?
a vitamin A analogue
109
what is tretinoin used to treat?
acne
photodamaged skin
kertainisation disorders e.g. ichthyosis
110
When is colistin used?
As last resort treatment for multidrug resistance gram negative infections e.g. pneumonia
111
What is fusidic acid used to treat?
Skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria
112
what are the main adverse side effects of zidovudine?
decreased blood cells
hepatomegaly
myopathy
lactic acidosis
113
what are the main adverse side effects of protease inhibitors?
metabolic abnormalities e.g. dyslipidaemia
