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BM212 - Immunology > Block A > Flashcards

Block A Flashcards

1
Q

True/False: The innate immune system is specific

A

False, its non-specific. Aquired is specific

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2
Q

True/False: Innate immune system is inherited

A

True, does not require prior exposure like the adaptive does

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3
Q

What cellular responses first occur in the innate immune system

A

Phagocytosis, Inflammation responses and antimicrobial protein production

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4
Q

In the innate immune system, what’s the importance of receptors (3 marks)

A

-recognising invaders
-recruiting different cells
-producing proteins that facilitate destruction of proteins

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5
Q

Phagocytes engulf and destroy particles by ________

A

endocytosis

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6
Q

Name 5 professional phagocytes

A

-neutrophils
-monocytes
-macrophages
-mast cells
-dentritic cells

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7
Q

How do phagocytes move

A

Chemotaxis

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8
Q

What are sentinels

A

Resident phagocytes that most tissues contain

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9
Q

Name the role of neutrophils

A

First responders in inflammation

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10
Q

Name the role of macrophages

A

Highly phagocytic, engulf many pathogens

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11
Q

Name the role of mast cells

A

Produces histamine which causes inflammation

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12
Q

Name the role of dentritic cells

A

Act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems

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13
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis (6 marks)

A

-recognition and ingestion of the pathogen
-phagosome formation
-phagosome and lysosome fusion
-digestion of phagosome
-waste
-antigen presentation

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14
Q

Describe how inflammation is stimulated

A

-Phagocytes are activated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
-PRRs recognise Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
-Once PRRs recognise PAMPs, cytokines and chemokines are released by cells, these cause inflammation and a fever
-Histimine causes vasodilation
-Vasodilation attracks neutrophils to clear pathogens and summon lymphocytes (important in adaptive immunity)

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15
Q

Explain the 2 antimicrobial proteins that are important in the innate immune system

A

-interferon-inhibits viral replication inside host cells
-complement-kills microbes without phagocytosis, causes microbes to burst

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16
Q

What are PAMPs

A

They are a set of microbial molecules that share a number of patterns that alert immune cells to destroy intruding pathogens

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17
Q

What are DAMPs

A

A set of patterns associated with damaged cells

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18
Q

Describe how cytokines can instruct a target cell to die

A

Can instruct a target cell to increase or decrease enzyme activity so it dies.

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19
Q

Name the role of chemokines

A

They attract immune cells to the site of infection

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20
Q

How do B and T cells form

A

They both develop in the bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cells. Immature B cells are found in the bone marrow, mature B cells move to the lymphoid organs. T cells move to the thymus.

21
Q

Explain how B cells get a B cell receptor (BCR)

A

Re-arrangements of the immunoglobulin occur within the cell so that an unique BCR receptor is formed on the immature B cells

22
Q

What is an Immunoglobulin

A

Aka an antibody, composed of 4 linked polypeptides, 2 long heavy chains, 2 short light chains

23
Q

What is the role of IgM and IgG (2 marks)

A

-The most abundant Ig in mammals
-Provides specific immunity against viruses and bacteria

24
Q

What is the role of IgE (1 mark)

A

-Defend against parasites and allergic responses

25
Q

What is the role of IgA (2 marks)

A

-Secreted in the lining of GI tract and respiratory tract to protect locally
-Major antibody found in breastmilk

26
Q

Which region on an antibody binds to an antigen

A

Variable region

27
Q

Whats an epitope

A

The binding site on a antigen

28
Q

Describe how a B cell activates.

A

-BCR is activated by antigens and by cytokines from a Helper T Cell
-Once activated, B cells proliferate into plasma cells that produce antibodies and some memory cells
-Memory cells are dormant waiting for a future attack of same pathogen

29
Q

What is opsonisation

A

When a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis

30
Q

How does the body prevent autoimmunity

A

-an APC presents an immature T cell with MHC
-T-cells which react moderately are positively selected, recieving signals for survival
-those that recognise the MHC too strongly or too little are sent signals for apoptosis, and negatively selected

31
Q

Whats a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

A group of genes that code for proteins that recognise and present peptides from pathogens on the surface of a cell

32
Q

Describe how an antigen is broken down (3 marks)

A

-antigen is taken up into intracellular vesicle
-endosomal proteases are activated to degrade antigen into peptide fragments
-vesicle containing peptides fuses with vesicle containing MHC class II molecules

33
Q

State the role of MHC I molecules

A

They are found in the membrane of almost all cells

34
Q
A
35
Q

Which MHC class does CD4+ go with

A

MHC II

36
Q

Which MHC class does CD8+ go with

A

MHC I

37
Q

What purpose does CD4+ T cells serve

A

CD4+ activates other immune cells and is a T helper cell

38
Q

What purpose does CD8+ T cells serve

A

CD8+ kills infected cells and other pathogens and are killer cells

39
Q

Which cytokines to memory T cells require, to promote survival

A

IL-7 and IL-5

40
Q

Name and state the role of small proteins secreted by virus-containing cells

A

Interferons, these are released by infected cells and activate other immune cells to fight the virus.

41
Q

Which antibody activates complement

A

IgM

42
Q

The antibody molecule is held together by ___ bonds

A

disulfide

43
Q

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells become cloned

A

Antigen

44
Q

Which ONE antibody is the most important in protecting against gut infections?

A

IgA

45
Q

Which ONE antibody is most abundant in body fluids?

A

IgG

46
Q

Which ONE antibody is predominantly present in breast milk and colostrum?

A

IgA

47
Q

Which one of the following exists as dimer in secretions via J-chain?

A

IgA

48
Q

How do B cells swicth the class of antibodies they secrete (2 marks)

A

-Helper T cells secrete cytokines
-that cause gene rearrangement in the B cell.

BM212 - Immunology (5 decks)

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