Block D

Question 1

What Ig is most important in defence against intestinal pathogens such as Rotavirus

Answer 1

IgA

Question 2

TRUE/FALSE: Is IgM a dimer

Answer 2

False

Question 3

TRUE/FALSE: Is IgA a dimer

Answer 3

True

Question 4

TRUE/FALSE: Is IgM a pentamer

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Where is IgA found?

Answer 5

On mucosal surfaces

Question 6

Which antibody class gives long-term protection

Answer 6

IgG

Question 7

Give 3 processes IgG mediates in

Answer 7

Phagocytosis, Opsonisation and Degranulation of immune cells (like neutrophils, mast cells)

Question 8

Which Ig class is naturally present in new born babies

Answer 8

IgM

Question 9

Generally, antibodies produced against a pathogen are:
-monoclonal
-homogenous
-polyclonal
-all of same specificty

Answer 9

polyclonal

Question 10

Antibodies clear out pathogens by:
-agglutination
-precipitation
-neutralization
-all of these

Answer 10

all of these

Question 11

Antibodies are:
-opsonins
-lipoproteins
-serum phagocytes
-none of these

Answer 11

opsonin

Question 12

Which immunoglobulin is produced early on in the primary response to infections

Answer 12

IgM

Question 13

Which antibody is a prominent antigen receptor expressed on B cells

Answer 13

IgD

Question 14

Which antibody is found in secretions

Answer 14

IgA

Question 15

Name the 4 steps of Humoral activation. (4 marks)

Answer 15

-Phagocytosis of pathogen by APC
-Antigen processing/presentation
-Educate naive T cell
-Proliferation of T cell

Question 16

Name the 4 steps of Humoral effector. (4 marks)

Answer 16

-Uptake of pathogen by B cell
-Antigen processing/presentation
-Interaction with antigen-specific T cell
-Proliferation and differentiation of B cell

Question 17

Define Cancer

Answer 17

Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled replication of a cell

Question 18

State the 2 things that oncogenic mutations result in to cause cancer.

Answer 18

-activating the cell cycle
-inhibiting apoptosis of damaged cells

Question 19

How can viruses cause tumours? (2 marks)

Answer 19

-Insertion of viral DNA into the genome of the infected cell can delete some of the host genes
-if these genes are oncogenes then it could result in cancer

Question 20

How can chronic inflammation cause cancer (2 marks)

Answer 20

-inflammation causes an imbalance in cytokine secretion and inflammatory response
-this favours the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells.

Question 21

Name 3 immune cells that kill cancer (3 marks)

Answer 21

-NK cells
-T cells
-Macrophages

Question 22

Briefly explain how T cells act against cancer. (3 marks)

Answer 22

-Both CD8+ and CD4+ are involved
-CD4+ produces cytokines that increase production of CD8+ cells and act on dentritic cells
-this improves antigen presentation to T and B cells.

Question 23

State 4 ways that cancer cells evade our immune system. (4 marks)

Answer 23

-low expression of MHC so not recognised by T cells
-increases T cell apoptosis
-express antigen with poor epitopes
-release immunosuppressive cytokines

Question 24

Describe CAR T-cells (2 marks)

Answer 24

-these are modififed T cells that are not restricted by MHC molecules
-they are chimeric since they form 2 functions, tumour-antigen binding and T cell activating functions

Question 25

What type of cancers do CAR T cells usually target

Answer 25

blood cancers

Question 26

Name 3 side effects from CAR T cells

Answer 26

-cytokine release storm (CRS) caused by the release of large amounts of inflammatory molecules from CAR T cells
-Most antigens are not tumour specific so can damage healthy cells
-Neurotoxicity occurs in 40% of patients

Question 27

Which antibody classes is the predominant immunoglobulin found in the intestine?

Answer 27

IgA