BLOCK A Flashcards
(46 cards)
WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE
living things:
consist of cells
diff levels of cellular organisation
use energy
respond to their environment
grow
reproduce
adapt to environment
WHAT IS THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
entropy is measure of disorder
disorder must always increase
WHAT WAS FIRST CHEMICAL WORLD OR BIOLOGICAL WORLD
CHEMICAL WORLD
WHAT WAS FORMED FIRST
RNA
HOW IS RNA FORMED
RNA IS A ‘SWISS ARMY’ MOLECULE
REPLICATING
ENZYMATIC
IRON-ZINC-SULPHUR-BORON:CHEMOSYNTHESIS ENERGY
WHAT IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE BATTLE AGAINST ENTROPIC DECAY
ENEGRY
STEPS TO LIFE
SIMPLE UNICELLULAR LIFE= PROKARYOTES/ARCHAEA
MAKE EUKARYOTES
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
ARE ORGANISMS DIVERSE, IF SO WHY
YES VERY DIVERSE=FROM BACTERIA (PROKARYOTES) TO ANIMALS VIA SINGLE CELLED OR SIMPLE EUKARYOTES, FUNGI, PLANTS
DOES EVOLUTION EXPLAIN THE RELATEDNESS OF LIFE IF SO WHY
DIFFERENT ORGANISMS LOOK SIMILAR OR SHARE SIMILAR FEATURES
DNA SEQUENCE EVIDENCE CONFIRMS RELATEDNESS
RELATEDNESS IS BASIS FOR TAXONOMY= (KINGDOM-PHYLUM-CLASS-ORDER-FAMILY-GENUS=SPECIES)
WHAT IS THE MOST COMPLEX STRUCTURE IN THE UNIVERSE
BRAIN
WHO DISCOVERED EVOLUTION
CHARLES DARWIN AND RUSSELL WALLACE
WHAT IS THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
GENETIC DIVERSITY
-DARWIN DID NOT KNOW WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT GENES AND MUTATIONS
-RANDOM MUTATIONS=ACCUMULATE OVER TIME
VARIATION=FUEL OF EVOLUTION
pt 2
SELECTION PRESSURE
-INCREASE POPULATION IS KEPT IN CHECK BY STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE=COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES, PREDATION, DISEASE, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE E.G. O2 CHANGE, SURVIVAL OF FITTEST
pt 3
SURVIVAL OF FITTEST
-SURVIVE BETTER FROM OFFSPRING
-50% OFFSPRING CARRY ADVANTAGEOUS MUTATION
-ADVANTAGEOUS GENETIC CHANGES BECOME MORE FREQUENT WITH MORE GENERATIONS
WHAT IS THE EVOLUTION MECHANISM ?
-RANDOM GENOTYPE MUTATION CAUSING BENEFICIAL PHENOTYPE IN FACE OF SELECTION PRESSURE
-MUTATION AND PHENOTYPE INCREASE IN THE POPULATION
IS PRODUCING MORE OFFSPRING A FAST OR SLOW PROCESS
SLOW
WHAT IS MRSA
-BACTERIAL INFECTION OFTEN ACQUIRED IN HOSPITALS
-PATIENTS HAVE BEEN FAILING TO RESPOND TO ANTIBIOTICS
-ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
WHAT IS A SUMMARY OF EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION IS A SET OF ESTABLISHED IDEAS THAT CAN BE NEATLY COMBINED WITH OUR MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF GENETICS TO EXPLAIN EVERYTHING ABOUT THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD WE LIVE IN AND CAME BEFORE US
WHAT IS THE FOSSIL RECORD
-REMAINS OF ORGANISMS PRESERVED IN ROCK
-HARD TISSUE (BONES AND SHELLS)
-DATING OF ROCKS AND THEIR FOSSILS (CARBON DATING AND POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING, DEPENDS ON THE TIME-COURSE OF DECAY OF POTASSIUM-ARGON/RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF 14C)
-DIFFERENT AGED ROCKS CONTAIN DIFFERENT FOSSILS (EARLIER= DEEPER LAYERS CAN CONSTRUCT CHRONOLOGY, WHICH MAY SUGGEST WHICH ORGANISMS EVOLVED
IN BETWEEN= RARE WHICH MAKES CONNECTIONS DIFFICULT)
WHAT IS COMPARATIVE GENETICS, BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY
-DNA AND GENETIC CODE UNIVERSAL, CODING FOR SIMILAR PROTEINS IN RELATED SPECIES
-VITAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SUCH AS RESPIRATION ARE BIOCHEMICALLY VERY SIMILAR
-ATP AS COMMON ENERGY CURRENCY
-FUNCTIONAL MODULES CAN BE SHUFFLED TOGETHER TO FORM NEW GENES
GENE FAMILIES
GENOME DUPLICATION
WHAT IS COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
-SIMILARITY OF ANATOMY IN RELATED SPECIES
-BIRD AND INSECT WINGS EVEN INSECT COMPOUND EYE/LENS SHARE SOME DEVELOPMENTAL GENES
-FINAL FORM ADAPTED TO THE MODE OF LIFE=DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT ISOLATION MECHANISMS
-GEOGRAPHICAL= MOST IMPORTANT
-ECOLOGICAL= LIVE IN SAME AREA BUT DIFF HABITAT
-TEMPORAL= BREEDING AT DIFF TIMES
-BEHAVIORAL
-MECHANICAL= ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES PREVENT MATING
-GAMETIC=GAMETES CANNOT UNIT
-HYBRID=OFFSPRING INFERTILE SYMPATRIC (HORSE AND DONKEY)
WHAT IS SPECIES DEFINITION
A GROUP OF ORGANISMS WITH SIMILAR FEATURES WHICH CAN INTERBREED TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING AND WHICH ARE REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED FROM OTHER SPECIES
WHAT IS MICROEVOLUTION
-STABILISATION OF ADVANTAGEOUS MUTATIONS IN POPULATION
-CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE (ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA)
