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BM108 > BLOCK C > Flashcards

BLOCK C Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS A PATHOGEN

A

-ORGANISM THAT PRODUCE A DISEASE
-CAUSE PATHOGENIC EFFECTS:
-VARY WITH ORGANISM
-CAN AFFECT DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY
-CAN VARY IN SEVERITY
-ACUT OR CHRONIC

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2
Q

WHAT CAN A PATHOGEN ALSO BE KNOWN AS

A

GERMS OR INFECTIOUS AGENT

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE TYPICAL SIZE OF A VIRUS

A

A TYPICAL VARION IS SMALL (10 TO 400 NM RANGE)

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4
Q

WHAT DOES A VIRION NEED TO REPLICATE

A

A HOST

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE CORE OF THE VIRUS

A

A GENOME EITHER DNA OR RNA

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6
Q

WHAT PROTECTS THE GENOME

A

COAT CALLED CAPSID

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7
Q

WHAT DO SOME VIRUSES HAVE

A

A PHOSPHOLIPID ENVELOPE

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8
Q

WHAT IS ON THE SURFACE OF A VIRION

A

THERE ARE SPIKE PROTEINS, SO CAN ATTACH TO A TARGET CELL SURFACE

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9
Q

WHAT ARE THE 6 STEPS OF A VIRUS CYCLE OF LIFE

A

-ATTACHES
-ENTERS BY ENDOCYTOSIS
-UNCOATS
-REPLICATES (IN VIRAL FACTORS)
-ASSEMBLES NEW VIRIONS
-PROGENY LEAVES

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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES FOR THE HOST

A

-LARGE QUANTITY OF VIRONS PRODUCED
-CONTROLLING INFECTED CELLS
-HANDLING VIRAL INFECTION

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11
Q

WHAT IS MEASLES

A

-HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS RESPIRATORY VIRUS

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY VIRAEMIA

A

LMPH NODES

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13
Q

WHAT IS THE SECONDARY VIRAEMIA

A

-DAY 4 TO 7
-GENERAL INFECTION OF LIVER
-EPITHELIUM
-MONOCYTES
-DENDRITIC CELLS
-LYMPHOCYTES

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF MEASLES

A

-STARTS WITH A COLD-LIKE SYMPTOMS (AFTER 10 DAYS INCUBATION: COUGH, FEVER AND CONJUNCTIVITIS
-FEW DAYS LATER (DAY14-16) A GENERALISED RASH
-DAY 19-23, CLEARED INFECTION, IMMUNITY DEVELOPED
-TREATMENT:N/A

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15
Q

HOW TO PREVENT MEASLES

A

MMR VACCINE>90% EFFECTIVE

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16
Q

WHAT ARE THE CASUALTIES OF MEASLES

A

COMPLICATIONS:
-AFFECT HEARING, THROAT, PNEUMONIA, DIARRHEA, SEIZURES, SWELLING OF THE BRAIN
-VIRUS-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION CAN ALLOW OTHER OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS TO FLOURISH, AFFECT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, COMA, AND DEATH

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17
Q

WHAT IS A BACTERIA

A

-PROKARYOTES, UNICELLULAR, HAVE NO NUCLEUS, LARGE DNA MOLECULE IN CYTOPLASM, SIZE RANGE BETWEEN 500NM TO 2UM
-RIGID CELL WALL, MAINTAIN DEFINITE SHAPE

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18
Q

HOW MANY MAIN SHAPES OF BACTERIA ARE THERE

A

3 MAIN SHAPES:
-SPHERICAL
-ROD
-SPIRAL

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19
Q

WHAT DO BACTERIA HAVE AROUND THEIR CELL WALL AND OUTSIDE STRUCTURE

A

A CAPSULE

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20
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

A

-EXTRACELLULAR: MULTIPLY IN THE HOST BUT ON SURFACES AND IN CAVITIES E.G. STAPHYLOCOCCUS. USE VIRULENCE MECHANISMS TO EVADE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
-INTRACELLULAR: INVADE HOST CELLS TO MULTIPLY, E.G. SALMONELLA ENTERICA

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21
Q

WHAT ARE TUBERCULOSIS

A

-CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS, SPREAD BY COUGH AND SNEEZE
-ATTACKS LUNG FIRST PULMONARY
-INTRA-MACROPHAGE, THEREFORE, CAN SPREAD TO KIDNEY, SPINE AND BRAIN
-TREATMENTS: ANTIBIOTICS

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22
Q

HOW TO PREVENT TUBERCULOSIS

A

BCG VACCINE AGAINST MOST SEVERE TB NIT PULMONARY TB

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23
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 BASIC CELL TYPES CYCLE OF FUNGI

A

-EUKARYOTIC
-SPORE
-HYPHAE
-YEAST

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24
Q

WHAT IS THE SIZE OF A FUNGI

A

-3-15UM
-DIAMETER:2-8UM

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25
WHAT DO FUNGAL INFECTIONS INFECT
-INFECT ENDOTHELIAL OR EPITHELIAL CELLS INTRACELLULARY
26
HOW IS FUNGAL INFECTION ACTIVATED AND INDUCED
-VIA TIP OF HYPHAE -INDUCED VIA PROTEINS ON FUNGAL CELL SURFACE
27
WHAT DO SPORES DO
-GERMINATE TO PRODUCE A MYCELLIUM
28
WHAT IS CANDIDIASIS
INFECTION BY CANDIDA ALBICANS -ENTERS ANY MUCOSAL SURFACE -VERY ABUNDANT ON SURFACE OF SKINS, PARTS OF NORMAL MUCOSAL SURFACES
29
WHAT TYPE OF PEOPLE ARE AFFECTED BY CANDIDIASIS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PEOPLE
30
WHAT DOES CANDIDIASIS EXIST AS
YEAST AS APART OF A BIOFILM BUT CAN SWITCH BETWEEN YEAST AND FILAMENTOUS FORMS
31
WHAT IS SYSTEMIC CANDIDIASIS
-FUNGUS CAN ENTER VIA MUCOSAL SURFACE
32
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF SYSTEMIC CANDIDIASIS
-TREATMENT: ANTIFUNGAL -PREVENTION:IMMUNITY SUPPORT/LIFESYTLE
33
WHAT IS A PROTOZOA
EUKARYOTIC ORGANIMS BETWEEN 1UM TO 30UM LONG -INTRACELLULAR/EXTRACELLULAR: CAN INVADE OR RESIDE ON SURFACE -INFECTION SITE VARIES: VIA INSECTS OR CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER, SEXUALLY -INFECTION CAUSED WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM CANNOT CONTROL PARASITE
34
WHAT IS MALARIA
-INFECTION IS INITIATED BY A FEEDING MOSQUITO -PLASODIUM SPOROZOITES MIGRATE OT LIVER, REPLICATING TENS OF THOUSANDS OF DAUGHTER CELLS -MEROZOITES RELEASED IN BLOOD AND INVADE RED BLOOD CELLS
35
STAGES OF MALARIA
-STAGES OF RING, TROPHOZOITE AND SCHIZONT: REPLICATES MORE MEROZOITES -SMALL PROPORTION OF PARASITES DEVELOP INTO GAMETOCYTES
36
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR MALARIA
ANTIMALARIAL MEDICATIONS VARIES ON TYPE OF PLASMODIUM INFECTING
37
WHAT ARE EXTRACELLULAR PARASITES
-LIVE OUTSIDE, IN INTESTINE BUT SOME IN BLOOD VESSELS OR LYMPHATIC TISSUES -TOO BIG FOR CELLS TO KILL THE WHOLE ORGANISM -ROUNDWORMS -FLATWORMS OTHER WORMS -INFECTION THROUGH DIFFERENT ROUTES: INGESTION OF LARVAE OR EGGS, SKIN CONTACT OR MOSQUITO BITE
38
WHAT IS ASCARIASIS
INFECTION CYCLE OF ASCARIS -INGEST EGGS FROM SOIL CONTAMINATED BY HUMAN FAECES OR UNCOOKED FOOD -MATURE, MOE THROUGH THROAT, COUGHED UP AND SWALLOWED
39
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF ASCARIASIS
-DIARRHEA, BLOOD IN FAECES, PASSING WORMS
40
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR ASCARIASIS
-ANTIPARASTIC MEDICATIONS -SURGICAL EXTRACTION SEVERE CASES
41
WHAT ARE THE TWO ARMS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
-INNATE IMMUNITY= FIRST RESPONSE, NO LASTING IMMUNITY, NOT SPECIFIC -ADAPTIVE OR ACQUIRED IMMUNITY=DEVELOPED DURING A LIFETIME, IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY, VERY SPECIFIC
42
INNATE IMMUNITY OVERVIEW
-FIRST RESPONDERS=INNATE IMMUNE CELLS ARE ALMOST A;WAYS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND FIRST TO ARRIVE AT THE SITE OF INFECTION -NO LASTING IMMUNITY=DOES NOT REQUIRE PRIOR EXPOSURE TO INVADORS -NONSPECIFIC=PROTECTS AGAINST FOREIGN CELLS OR ENTITIES WITHOUT HAVING TO RECOGNISE THEIR SPECIFIC IDENTITY
43
INNATE IMMUNITY BODY SURFACE
-INITIAL LINE OF DEFENCE -FEW MICROORGANISMS CAN PENETRATE AN INTACT BODY SURFACE -MUCUS=STICKY TO TRAP INVADERS BUT ALSO HAS ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES -SKIN GLANDS=SECRETE ANTIMICROBIAL MOLECULES SUCH MILD ACIDS AND ENZYMES -STOMACH ACIDS=DESTROYS INVADERS
44
INNATE IMMUNITY IMMUNE CELLS
-SUBTYPES OF INNATE IMMUNE CELLS ARE GRANULOCYTE AND MONOCYTES -MAJORITY OF INNATE IMMUNE CELLS ARE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS -PHAGOCYTOSIS IS THE PROCESS OF ENGULFING AND DESTROYING PATHOGENS BY ENDOCYTOSIS
45
INNATE IMMUNE CELLS ASSEMBLE
-NEUTROPHIL=PHAGOCYTES AND KILL BACTERIA: MEDIATE INFLAMMATION (NORMALLY FIRST CELL TYPE TO ARRIVE) GRANULOCYTE -MONOCYTE= DEVELOP INTO MACROPHAGES AND SOME CASES DENDRITIC CELLS (MONOCYTE) -MACROPHAGE=PHAGOCYTOSE MICROBES: MEDIATE INFLAMMATION PRESENT ANTIGENS TO ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS (T CELLS) MONOCYTE -DENDRITIC CELLS=PROPERTIES LIKE MACROPHAGES (MAIN ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL)
46
INNATE IMMUNE CELLS ASSEMBLE
-BASOPHIL=ENTER TISSUES AT SITE OF INJURY AND SECRETE HEPAIRN AND HISTAMINE (GRANULOCYTE) -EOSINOPHIL= PHAGOCYTES AND RELEASE CHEMICALS THAT WILL KILL PARASITES (PARTICIPATE IN ALLERGIC REACTIONS) GRANULOCYTE -MAST CELLS= SECRETE HISTAMINE IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: PARTICIPATE IN ALLERGIC RESPONSE -NK CELLS=ATTACK GENERAL FEATURES CANCEROUS AND VIRUS INFECTED CELLS (ALSO PART OF SPECIFIC: IMMUNITY)
47
INNATE IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATION=INNATE LOCAL RESPONSE TO INFECTION OR INJURY -ALLOWS THE ELIMINATION OF FOREIGN INVADERS, CLEARS AREA OF DEAD CELLS AND SETS STAGE FOR TISSUE REPAIRS -KEY CELLS INVOLVED= PHAGOCYTES INCLUDING NEUTROPHILS, MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS AND MAST CELLS -INDUCED AND REGULATION BY CYTOKINES
48
INFLAMMATION STAGES
1.SPLINTER CAUSES INJURY AND INTRODUCES BACTERIA BENEATH THE SKIN 2.INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS PRODUCED BY INJURED TISSUE, MAST CELLS, NEUTROPHILS AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS INDUCE VASCULAR CHANGES 3.CAPILLARIES DILATE AND BECOME LEAKY (INCREASED BLOOD FLOW TO AREA INCREASES DELIVERY OF BENEFICIAL PROTEINS AND LEUKOCYTES, INCREASES VASCULAR PERMEABILITY ALLOWS PLASMA PROTEINS TO ENTER INTERSTITIAL FLUID) 4.FLUID AND NEUTROPHILS EXIT THE CAPILLARIES AND ENTER THE SITE OF THE WOUND
49
INFLAMMATORY EXAMPLE CONTINUED
5. ONCE PHAGOCYTES ENTER THE AREA AND ENCOUNTER MICROBES, THEY RELEASE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS THAT BRING EVEN MORE PHAGOCYTES 6.NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES ENGULF AND DESTROY BACTERIA 7.CAPILLARIES RETURN TO NORMAL AND INFECTION IS BROUGHT UNDER CONTROL 8. IMPERFECT TISSUE REPAIR=SCAR TISSUE
50
PAMPS AND TLRS
-INNATE IMMUNITY DEPENDS ON RECOGNITION OF FEATURE COMMON TO MANY TYPES OF PATHOGENS. THESE ARE KNOWN AS PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS) -RECOGNITION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS ON MEMBRANES OF IMMUNE CELLS E.G. DENDRITIC CELLS -TPS RECOGNISE AND BIND TO PATHOGENS WITH PAMPS -PAMPS ARE CONSERVED MOLECULAR FEATURES THAT ARE VITAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE PATHOGEN -PAMPS ARE CONSERVED MOLECULAR FEATURES THAT ARE VITAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE PATHOGEN -A PAMP ON A PATHOGEN BINDING TO A TLR ON AN IMMUNE CELL WILL LEAD TO IMMUNE CELL ACTIVATION
51
ADAPTIVE CELL OVERVIEW
-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY -REQUIRES EXPOSURE TO FOREIGN SUBSTANCES KNOWN AS ANTIGENS (ANTIGEN IS ANY MOLECULE THAT THE HOST DOES NOT RECOGNISE AS SELF
52
WHAT ARE THE LYMPHOCYTES
-HELPER CD4 T CELLS=CD4 CELLS ASSIST IN ACTIVATING CELLS -CYTOTOXIC CD8 T CELLS=CD8 T CELLS DIRECTLY KILL INFECTED CELLS -B CELLS AND PLASMA CELLS=B CELLS.PLASMA CELLS AND SECRETE ANTIBODIES (HUMORAL IMMUNITY) -NK CELLS=SIMILAR TO T CELLS BUT ALSO PERFORM NON-SPECIFIC ACTIONS
53
WHAT IS THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-NETWORK OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND LYMPH PHOID ORGANS WITH CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES -PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS:WHERE B AND T MATURE (B CELLS= BONE MARROW, T CELLS=THYMUS) -SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS: HWERE LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATE AND REPLICATE -LYMPHOCYTES CIRCULATE ON BLOOD, BUT MOST RESIDE IN THE LYMPHATIC ORGANS -CIRCULATING THE LYMPH INCREASES THE CHANCE THEY WILL ENCOUNTER THEIR ANTIGEN
54
T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
-T CEL RECEPTORS FOR ANTIGENS HAVE SPECIFIC REGIONS THAT DIFFER FROM ONE T CELL CLONE TO ANOTHER -RECEPTORS REMIAN EMBEDDED INTO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND ARE NOT SECRETED LIKE ANTIBODIES -CANNOT COMBINE WIT ANTIGEN UNLESS COMPLEXED ON MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULE (MHC)
55
WHAT IS MHC
-CELLULAR IDENTIFY TAGS AND ARE GENETIC MARKERS OF SELF
56
WHERE US MCH11 CLASS11 FOUND
-ON ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS SUCH AS MACROPHAGES, B CELLS AND DENDRITIC CELLS -CD4 ON HELPER T CELLS BIND T MHC CLASS11
57
WHERE ARE MHC CLASS1 FOUND
-ALL CELLS IN THE BODY EXCEPT ERYTHROCYTES -CD8 ON CYTOTOXIC T CELLS BINDS TO MHC CLASS 1
58
STEP 1 ANIGEN PRESENTING CELLS RESETN ANTIGEN TO CD4 HELPER T CELLS
-MICROBE IS PHAGOCYTIZED BY MACROPHAGES OR DC AND DIGESTED INTO FRAGMENTS OR EPITOPES
59
STEP TWO
-FRAGMENTS- MHC COMPLEX IS TRANSPORTED TO CELL SURFACE
60
STEP 3
-SPECIFIC HELPER T CELL BINDS TO COMPLEX WITH CD4 PROTEIN HELPING LINK -THIS IS ESSENTIAL TO HELPER T CELL ACTIVATION, BUT CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULES ARE ALSO REQUIRED -ARC ALSO SECRETES CYTOKINES (IL-1 AND TNF TO STIMULATE ATTACHED AND HELPED T CELL)
61
WHAT IS THE ACTIVATED HELPED THAT CAN STIMULATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS TO POLIFERATE
HELPER T CELLS
62
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
-BIND TO VIRUS INFECTED CELLS -SECRETE PROTEASES AND PERFORIN, WHICH INSERTS INTO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE VIRUS INFECTED CELL TO FORM CHANNELS. THE CELL TAKES UP WATER AND PROTEASES AND BURSTS
63
WHAT DO THE T CELLS DO
-HELPER T CELL BINDS TO MACROPHAGES THAT CAN PHAGOCYTIZED THE SAME TYPE OF VIRUS -HELPER T CELL THEN PROLIFERATES AND BINDS TO CYTOTOXIC T CELLS -HELPER T CELLS ALSO SECRETE IL-2 AND OTHER CYTOKINES THAT STIMULATE OTHER HELPER T CELLS AND CYTOTOXIC T CELLS TO DIVIDE
64
WHAT ARE B CELLS AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY
-ACTIVATED BY ANTIGENS AND BY HELPER T CELLS -PROLIFERATE INTO PLASMA CELLS THAT MAKE ANTIBODIES -MAJOR DEFENCE AGAINST BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND OTHER MICROBES IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID, AND AGAINST TOXINS
65
WHAT DO ANTIBODIES COMPOSE OF
-TWO HEAVY CHAINS -TWO LIGHTS CHAINS -VARIABLE REGION VARIES AMONG DIFFERENT B CELLS AND THIS IS WHAT SPECIFICALLY RECOGNISES ANTIGEN -CONSTANT REGION IS A FC DOMAIN IDENTICAL FOR GIVEN CLASS
66
WHAT ARE THE 5 CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN MAMMALS
-IGM -IGG -IGE -IGA -IGD
67
STEP 1 OF ACTIVATED B CELLS AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY
-ANTIGEN BINDS TO A B CLL DISPLAYING A SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN -BINDING OF ANTIGEN STIMULATES ONLY THIS SPECIFIC B CELL TO DIVIDE -THIS IS CLONAL SELECTION
68
STEP 2
-MULTIPLE CELL DIVISIONS RESULT IN A CLONE OF THIS SPECIFIC TYPE OF B CELLS -PROGENY OF THIS LYMPHOCYTE/ B CELL ALL EXPRESS THE SAME RECEPTOR
69
STEP 3
-CLONED B CELLS DIFFERENTIATE INTO PLASMA CELLS, WHICH SECRETE ANTIBODIES: RECOGNISING THE ORIGINAL ANTIGEN
70
WHAT DO EFFECTOR PLASMA CELLS AND CYTOTOXIC CELLS DO LATER
DIE BY APOPTOSIS TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
71
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS
-CAN ALSO DESTROY VIRUS INFECTED AND CANCEROUS CELLS BY SECRETING TOXIC CHEMICALS -RECOGNISE GENRAL FEATURES OF VIRUS INFECTED OR CANCEROUS CELLS AS PART OF NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY -CAN BE LINKED TO TARGET CELLS BY ANTIBODIES

BM108 (5 decks)

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