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BM211 microbiology > Block B > Flashcards

Block B Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

how much peptidoglycan in gram + cells

A

90%

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2
Q

what shape is coccus

A

spherical or ovoid

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3
Q

what shape is rod

A

cylindrical

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4
Q

what shape is spirillum

A

spiral

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5
Q

mycobacterium

A
  • rod shaped
  • acid fast due to mycolic acid in cell wall
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6
Q

filament actinobacterium

A
  • inhabits soil
  • makes a lot of anti-cancer drugs
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7
Q

major gram positive groups

A

actinobacterium, mycobacterium, firmicutes

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8
Q

Tenericutes : mycoplasms key feature

A

lacks cell walls (cant control its membrane)
- parasites that inhibit animals and plants

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9
Q

key features of lactobacillales

A
  • fermentative bacteria that produces lactic acid (yoghurt)
  • rod shaped and grows in chains
  • resistant to acidic conditions
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10
Q

streptococcus

A
  • coccus shaped, gram-positive
    -bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the throat
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11
Q

Staphylococcus

A

gram-positive
These germs can live on contaminated implanted medical devices and improperly cleaned needles
coccus shape

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12
Q

Anthrax

A

-spores are difficult to kill
-gram-positive
-rod shaped
-It occurs naturally in soil
-People can get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products

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13
Q

Three forms of anthrax

A

cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation

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14
Q

AB toxins

A

toxins with intracellular target that have 2 functionally distinct regions

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15
Q

tenericutes: mycoplasmas

A

Lack cell walls
Some of the smallest organisms capable of autonomous growth
Parasites that inhabit animal and plant hosts
Key components of peptidoglycan are missing

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16
Q

firmicutes- lactobacillales

A

Fermentative bacteria that produce lactic acid
Lactobacillus Rod-shaped and grow in chains
Common in dairy products
Sauerkraut
Resistant to acidic conditions
Grow in pH as low as 4

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17
Q

clostridium

A

Lacks a respiratory chain; anaerobic
produce ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Metabolism of pair of amino acids
Mainly found in anaerobic pockets in the soil
Also lives in mammalian intestinal tract
Some species are pathogenic; diseases include botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

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18
Q

what are AB toxins

A

toxins with intracellular target that have two functionally distinct regions (A & B):
A has enzymatic activity
B is responsible for host cell binding or entry of A unit to cell
AB Toxins can operate in two ways
-Single polypeptide that is proteolytically cleaved at a later stage
-Separate polypeptides that subsequently assemble

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19
Q

4 gram positive phyla

A

Proteobacteria, actinobacteria, firmicutes, bacteroidetes

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20
Q

Gram stain

A

Add crystal violet, all cells purple, add iodine, all cells still purple, decolourise and gram positive will remain purple and gram negative are colourless, add safranin and gram positive are purple and negative are pink

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21
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A

contain 90% peptidoglycan, so is very thick and not easily penetrated by the alcohol, often have teichoic acids in the cells wall

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22
Q

Corynebacterium

A

diphtheria and glutamicum

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23
Q

Mycobacterium

A

tuberculosis, leprae

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24
Q

Yogurt

A

mixed culture of streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermopiles and lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus

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25
enterococcus
UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis
26
Streptococcus species
dental plaque
27
streptococcus viridans
scarlet fever
28
Streptococcus pyogenes
strep throat, necrotising fasciitis
29
Staphylococcus
epidermis usually found on skin, MRSA
30
Methiailin resistant s.aureus
resistant to a wide range of antibiotics (Superbug)
31
endospore forming
Bacillus and Clostridium
32
Clostridium
botulism, tetanus, gangrene
33
Anthrax
cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation, posses both a capsule and S layer
34
AB toxins
toxins with intracellular target the have 2 functionally distinct regions, A is enzymatic and B is responsible for host cell binding or entry of A unit
35
O antigen
lipopolysaccharide
36
K antigen
capsule
37
H antigen
flagellen
38
Pillus
a hairlike extension that aids in communication and exchange of genetic material in prokaryotes
39
Proteobacteria
A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.
40
Alphaproteobacteria orders
Rhizobiales, Ricketsiales, Rhodobacterales, rhodospirillales, caulobacterales, sphingomonadales
41
Betaproteobacteria orders
Burkholderiales, hydrogenophilales, methylophilales, niesseriales, nitrosomonadales, rhodocyclales
42
Gammaproteobacteria - Enterobacteriales, key genera
Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella
43
mixed acid fermenters
Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus
44
Butanediol fermenters
Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia
45
Deltaproteobacteria key genera
bdellovibrio, myxococcus, desulfovibrio, geobacter, syntrophobacter
46
Epsilonproteobacteria
Campylobacter jejuni
47
Biofilms
assemblages of bacterial cells adhered to a surface and enclosed in an adhesive matrix excreted by the cells
48
Direct isolation
Use selective and/or differential agar to isolate a single colony
49
Enrichment culture
a culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism
50
Direct culture
a primary culture; a culture grown by inoculating patient specimens directly onto the culture medium.
51
Direct counting
counting each individual cell using a heamocytometer
52
Viable cell counts
measurement of living, reproducing population
53
Most probable number
A statistical method of measuring bacterial growth used when samples contain too few organisms to give reliable measures by the plate count method
54
Oligotrophs
microbes that grow continuously but at low levels of activity
55
Copiotrophs
microbes that exist primarily in a resting phase with brief periods of activity
56
Viable but non culture bacteria
bacteria in a very low metabolically active state and cant grow on standard growth media
57
Zone of inhibition
lawn of indicator organism, filter paper disk soaked in test compound
58
minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC)
the lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial medication needed to prevent the visible growth of a given bacterial strain in vitro
59
Bioremediation of organic pollutants - uranium
uranium contamination of groundwater has occurred where uranium has been processed or stored, some bacteria can convert U6+ to U4+
60
Bioremediation of organic pollutants-hydrocarbons
organic pollutants can eventually be completely degraded to CO2 by microbes, hydrocarbon degrading bacteria attach to oil and decompose
61
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative membranes
Gram positive have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane
62
What is lipoteichonic acid?
Teichonic acids that are covalently bound to membrane lipids
63
Actinobacteria
Gram positive High G-C content within genome Largest and most complicated groups of bacteria
64
Mycoplasma
Tenericutes - gram positive Some of the smallest organisms capable of autonomous growth Lack cell walls
65
Pleomorphic
Groups of cells of the same species are very different from each other
66
Lactobacillus
Firmicutes Fermentative bacteria that produces lactic acid from lactose Used within the food industry extensively
67
Streptococcus
Gram positive Important for the production of buttermilk, silage and other products
68
Staphylococcus
Commonly found in humans and animals S.aureus is associated with many pathological conditions
69
Bacillus, Clostridium and sporosarcina
Gram positive bacteria with low GC content
70
What are the three forms of anthrax
Cutaneous Gastrointestinal Inhalational
71
What is unusual about anthrax toxin
It has three toxin subunits 2A unit and 1B unit
72
Extracellular components of gram negative bacteria
Capsule Fimbriae Flagella Pilus
73
Fimbrae
Extracellular component of gram negative bacteria that allows attachment to surfaces
74
Pilus
Extracellular component that allows gram negative bacteria to share genetic info
75
Proteobacteria is sub-divided into 5 classes
Alpha Beta Delta Gamma Epsilon
76
Gammaproteobacteria contains many pathogen organisms such as
Escherichia Salmonella Shigella Klebsiella
77
Ecoli morphology
Straight rods
78
Pseudomonad aeruginosa
Gammaproteobacteria that causes cystic fibrosis
79
Two ways to isolate microbes from the environment
Direct isolation Enrichment culture
80
How is a most probable number calculated
Serial dilution is carried out until final tube shows no growth
81
Copiotrophs
Microbes that exist primarily in a resting phase with brief periods of activity
82
Why would a bacteria be viable but nonculturable
Bacteria is in a state of very low metabolic activity They do not divide

BM211 microbiology (5 decks)

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