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BM211 microbiology > Block C > Flashcards

Block C Flashcards

1
Q

are fungi unicellular or multicellular

A

mostly multicellular, forming a network of hyphae

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2
Q

what can hyphae that extend above the surface produce

A

asexual spores called conidia

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3
Q

what are compact tufts of hyphae called

A

mycelia

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4
Q

what are most fungal cell walls made of

A

chitin

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5
Q

what do Mycorrhizae help plant roots obtain

A

phosphorus

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6
Q

what are fruiting bodies

A

macroscopic reproductive structure produced by fungi

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7
Q

what are examples of fruiting bodies

A

mushrooms and puffballs

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8
Q

what are the three forms of asexual fungi reproduction

A

growth snd spread of hyphal filaments, asexual production of spores, simple cell division

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9
Q

what can happen when fungi sexually reproduce

A

sexual spores can be produced which can originate from the fusion of two haploid cells to form a diploid cell. spores are resistant to drying, heating , freezing and chemicals

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10
Q

when did fungi and animals diverge

A

1.5 billion years ago

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11
Q

what are the key genera of chytridiomycetes

A

allomyces, batrachochytrium

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12
Q

what are the earliest diverging line of fungi

A

chytrids

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13
Q

what are the key genera of zygomycetes and glomeromycettes

A

rhizopus, encephalitozoon, glomus

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14
Q

what are zygomycetes primarily known for

A

food spoilage, commonly found in soil and decaying plant material. all are coenocytic and form zygospores

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15
Q

what are glomeromycetes

A

small group of fungi that have major ecological importance, reproduce asexually only, don’t grow independently

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16
Q

what are the key genera of ascomycetes

A

saccharomyces, candida, aspergillus

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17
Q

where are ascomycetes found

A

aquatic and terrestrial environments

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18
Q

saccharomyces cerevisae

A

cells are spiral to oval, cell division through budding, flourish in sugary environment, sexual reproduction through mating

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19
Q

mushrooms and basidiomycetes

A

key genera are agaricus and amanita, over 30,000 described species, undergo both negative and sexual reproduction

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20
Q

hyphal growth

A

unicellular organisms divide, exponential growth

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21
Q

how do fungi cause disease

A

inappropriate immune responses, toxins (mycotoxins), host infection (mycoses)

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22
Q

aspergillus spp

A

common saprophyte (leaf mould/grains) inappropriately stored dry foods. produce toxins, most commonly aflatoxin group. which are highly toxic and carcinogenic especially to birds.
in humans cause cirrhosis (liver damage) and asthma

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23
Q

what is superficial mycosis

A

superficial means the fungus only infects the surface layer of skin, hair or nails, mostly treatable with topical anti fungal creams or liquid aerosols

24
Q

what are fungi that cause superficial mycoses called

A

dermatophytes

25
superficial mycoses caused by trichophyton spp
causes fungal infections of the feet and other moist skin surfaces, transmitted by spores
26
what are subcutaneous mycosis
subcutaneous means it infects the deeper layers of the skin, typically caused by different fungi than superficial infections, mostly treatable with topical drugs or oral administration of azole anti-fungal agents
27
what is sporotrichosis
caused by the saprophyte sporothrix schenckii, an occupational hazard for those working in close contact with soil
28
what is chromoblastomycosis caused by
fonsecaea pedrosoi, phiaphora verrucose, cladosporium carrionii, fonsecaea compacta
29
chromoblastomycosis
fungal growth by both subcutaneous and cutaneous surface, form crusty wart like lesions on hand or leg
30
what is systemic mycosis
Systemic is the most serious, fungal growth infects internal organs Systemic fungal pathogens normally live in soil Infection of humans due to inhaling airborne spores Travels from lungs to other organs and skin
31
what is primary fungal disease
healthy individual infected
32
what is secondary fungal disease
predisposing condition making the individual more susceptible to infections individual with predisposing conditions, e.g. antibiotic therapy or immunosuppression (therapy and HIV-AIDS)
33
what is histoplasmosis
caused by histoplamsa capsulatum, one of the most widespread primary fungal infections, inhaled spores germinate and grow in the lungs
34
what is coccidiodomycosis c
caused by coccidioides immitis, in desert regions of USA, saprophyte, soil --> airborne when rains. respiratory systems --> a cause of pneumonia
35
what is blastomycosis
caused by blastomyces dermatitdis, fungus lives in cotton wood and soil near bodies of water, slow lung infection, if untreated leads to skin lesions
36
what is paracoccidiodomycosis
caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, initially pulmonary, lesions forming on the face or other extremities, azole treatment
37
what us cryptococcosis
caused by yeast form of Cryptococcus neoformans, can occur in virtually any organ of the body- initially pulmonary, seen in HIV/AIDs patients
38
what is Candida albicans
Dimorphic yeast often present as a minor component of human normal flora Diseases include mild to serious infections in immunocompromised individuals Genome highly dynamic – chromosomal rearrangements as means of generating genetic diversity Biofilms (medical setting) – difficult to treat with antifungal agents
39
what is Pneomocytosis
Pneomocytosis pneumonia often caused by Pnemocytosis jirovecil Opportunistic infection
40
ergosterol inhibitors
Analogue of cholesterol in fungal plasma membranes- provides stability and shape maintenance The two main classes of ergosterol inhibitors are polyenes and azoles Mode of Action: target the unique fungal plasma membrane component, bind to ergosterol, destabilising fungal cell membranes, leading to cell death
41
what are polyenes
a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds
42
what is the mechanism of action of polyenes
bind to sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol. This places the membrane in a less fluid more crystalline state, small organic molecules leak from the cell incl. monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl−) resulting in cell death
43
three main classes of azoles
imidazoles, triazoles, thiazoles
44
mechanism of action of azoles
inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14 α-demethylase which converts lanosterol to ergosterol (except for abafungin) Depletion of ergosterol in fungal membrane disrupts the structure + functions of fungal membranes/accumulation of toxic sterol intermediates, leading to inhibition of fungal growth
45
mechanism of action of echinocandins
inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall: via inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase, this inhibition prevents fungal cell wall synthesis Depletion of glycan polymers leads to weakened call wall and osmotic stress
46
DNA synthesis inhibitors
nucleic acid analogues which inhibit enzymes required for DNA synthesis
47
what are DNA synthesis inhibitor targets
Candida infections and Cryptococcus neoformans used in combination with amphotericin B and/or azole antifungals such as fluconazole relatively weak antifungal effects fast development of resistance
48
mitosis inhibitors
interferes with fungal mitosis, Relatively nontoxic drug can be taken orally but passes through the bloodstream to the skin Target: used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm) includes fungal infections of the nails and skin when antifungal creams have not worked. Source: derived from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum
49
antibiotics
Fungal Natural Products – microbial metabolites produced by fungi Antibacterial and/or antifungal activity Semi-synthetic – modified natural products, drug-like
50
β-Lactam: Antibacterial
Source: natural + semi-synthetic penicillins: fungus -> Pencillium chrysogenum cephalosporins: fungus -> Cephalosporium sp. Mode of Action: inhibitors of bacterial cell-wall synthesis irreversible binding to PBPs to prevent transpeptidation (cross linking of peptidoglycan)
51
β-Lactam: penicillins
β-lactam and thaizolidine rings 1st antibacterial compound (Fleming) Penicillin resistant to beta-lactamase – methicillin flucloxacillin – used to treat staphylococcal infections, but MRSA is not sensitive to it
52
penicillin G
Targets: most Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative cocci staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections Mode of Action: inactivates the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) located within the bacterial cell wall, Interferes with cross linking of peptidoglycan -> weakening -> cell lysis
53
Cepalosporins
Produced by the fungus Acremonium Cefoxitin acts by interfering with cell wall synthesis Its activity spectrum includes a broad range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including anaerobes
54
Echinocandins: Antifungal
Mode of Action: inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall via inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase This inhibition prevents fungal cell wall synthesis Source: semi-synthetic from pnedmocandin Bo (natural cyclic lipopeptide)
55
Mitosis Inhibitors: Antifungal
Mode of Action: interfering with fungal mitosis (disruption of microtubule aggregation) tubulin inhibiting agent Target: used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm) includes fungal infections of the nails and skin when antifungal creams have not worked. Source: derived from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum

BM211 microbiology (5 decks)

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