BLOCK1 Flashcards by Sarah Heath

what makes an ester?

alcohol and acid

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what makes a thioester

acid + sulfhydryl

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what makes amides/peptides

acid + amine

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what makes phosphoesters?

phosphoric acid + alcohol

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organic anhydride

2 RCOOH

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mixed anhydride

RCOOH + Phosphoric acid

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phosphoanhydride

2 phosphoric acids

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structures of ATP

2 phosphoanhydride bonds

1 phosophomonoester bond

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What are the 3 ketone bodies?

acetoacetate, acetone, 3-hydroxybutyrate

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What ketone body is not really a ketone body, and what is its role?

3-hydroxybutyrate. stabilizes the other ketones

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Which ketone can turn into acetene?

acetoacetate

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Which ketone body is volatile?

acetone

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which ketone body can be reduced to form 3-hydroxybutyrate?

acetoacetate

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What does pyruvate have?

ketone

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what does lactate have>?

hydroxyl

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ionic bonds

between two charged molecules

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major acids in biochem

carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups

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major base functional group

NH2 amino groups

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nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are shared almost equally

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polar covalent bonds

electron cloud is more-dense around one atom versus the other so the electrons are shared unequally due to
–2 atoms bonding together have significant differences in electronegativity

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rearrangement reactions

same molecular formula, rearranges it to different isomers so that it can fit better with an enzyme

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dehydrogenase

enzyme that removes 2 H atoms from substrate

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oxidase

enzyme that add an O atom to substrate

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reductase

enzymes that add 2 H atoms to a substrate

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water

- polar | - it forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with other partially charges molecules

polar bonding

unequal sharing of e

water solubility

- based on presence of charge | - hydrogen bonds between molecules are easily formed and broken

Hydrophillic molecules

- soluble in water | - must be charged or contain charged or polar bonds

Hydrophobic molecules

- solubility in non-polar environments - molecules with no charge, or little to no charge. - not soluble in water

When should a molecule be soluble in water?

if the C: (O+N) is 7:1

Amphipathic

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic - micelles - plasma membrane

VLDL

micelle that has amphipathic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules associated with it

Phosphate transfer/cleavage reaction

phosphate group transferred from one molecule to another | uses kinases

kinases

transfer phosphate from ATP (ATP REQUIRED)

fasting

phosphorylated

well-fed

dephosphorylated

phosophomonoester bond

the outer P of ATP is transferred to a hydroxyl group of glucose creating this

Phosphate cleavage

phosphate removed from particular compound - phosphomonoester bond is hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphate - phosphatases

phosphatase

phosphate cleavage | hydrolyzed to Pi

condensation reactions

- REQUIRES ATP - water output - 2 molucules built into 1

hydrolysis reactions

- water input - no ATP - reverse of condensation - 2 molecules broken into 1

What enzymes are involved in oxidation?

dehydrogenases and oxidase

what enzymes are involved in reduction

reductases

acid

proton donor

base

proton acceptor

Strong acids

completely dissociate. No Pka

Weak acids

dissociate to a certain limited extent. Pia | act as buffer

Ka =

[acetate][H+]/[acetic acid]

pka=

-logka

pka

measure of the strength of a weak acid

the lower the PKa

the stronger the acid

HH equation

pH=pKa + log [conj base]/[acid]

Pka=PH

conj acid=base

what drugs get absorbed into the stomach

neutral ones

How do you get a charged drug to be soluble?

add S, O, or N to it

buffer

consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base

What determines effectiveness of a buffer?

- the buffers pH range | - the buffers cxn

when is the buffer most effective?

when the pH=pKa

is pH

need to add base

cholera

G protein cannot hydrolyze GTP back to GDP so adenylyl cyclase is just always on, producing cAMP. cAMP causes a big surge of Na+ ions that cause a lot of water to flood intestines

insulin

- peptide hormone - beta cells of pancreas - signalled by glucose in blood stream

glucagon

- peptide homrone - alpha cells of pancreas - lack of glucose in cells

epinephrine

overrides insulin - affects mobilization go glucose rom the liver - affects mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

GLUT4

insulin sensitive - plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue - take up glucose

insulin binding receptor

tyrosin kinase

What gets phosphorylated in the binding of insulin?

Beta subunits of tyrosine

What does tyrosine kinase do after the beta subunits get phosphorylated?

phosphorylates other proteins such as IRS

phosphorylated IRS

promotes activation of other protein kinases leading to other biologic actions of insulin

Insulin-sensitive, facilitated transport

GLUT4 in | -most tissues (except skeletal muscle and adipose tissue)

BLOCK1 Flashcards

(69 cards)