O chem review

Question 1

major elements that correspond with life are___joined by____bonds. They make up____ percent of body weight

Answer 1

C,H,N,O. covalent. 90

Question 2

in decreasing order, what molecules make up the body weight?

Answer 2

water, protein, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

Question 3

functional group

Answer 3

specific array of atoms that allow molecules to react with each other in a predictable manner

Question 4

what functional groups do monosaccharides contain?

Answer 4

polyhydroxyl (lots of OH)-aldehydes OR ketones

Question 5

What functional groups do fatty acids contain?

Answer 5

terminal carboxylic acid

Question 6

what functional groups do amino acids contain?

Answer 6

amino-and carboxylate-groups (amino acid)

Question 7

what functional groups does cysteine have in it?

Answer 7

sulfhydryl group (plus other ones that amino acids have)

Question 8

what functional groups do fats contain?

Answer 8

ester bonds that link 2 fatty acids to glycerol

Question 9

amino acids are proteins linked together by what?

Answer 9

amide (peptide) bond

Question 10

what two functional groups are present in fructose?

Answer 10

alcohol and ketone

Question 11

what functional groups are associated with TAG

Answer 11

alcohol, ester

Question 12

Acid + alcohol=

Answer 12

ester

Question 13

what is the difference between the terms carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups?

Answer 13

carboxylic acid retains its proton, carboxylate loses its proton

Question 14

What ketone body is present on the breath of an untreated diabetic?

Answer 14

acetone

Question 15

pyruvate and lactate

Answer 15

represent the end products of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.

Question 16

What is the difference between pyruvate and lactate?

Answer 16

pyruvate contains alpha-keto group, lactate contains alpha-hydroxyl group

Question 17

what type of reaction occurs when lactate is converted to pyruvate with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase?

Answer 17

see page 13-14

Question 18

condensation reactions

Answer 18

condenses two molecules into one creating a new functional group

Question 19

condensation reactions of various acid groups

Answer 19

acid+alcohol=ester
acid+thiol/sulfhydryl=thioesters
acid+amine=peptides or amides
phosphoric acid+alcohol=phosphomonoesters

produces water, requires energy output and holds energy

Question 20

formation of a phosphoanhydride

Answer 20

condensation reaction between 2 phosphoric acid molecules to create a high energy phosphoanhydride bond. similar to the formation of ATP from ADP + P

Question 21

major acids in biochem

Answer 21

carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups

Question 22

an acid group that retains its proton is called..

Answer 22

-ic acid

Question 23

an acid group that loses its proton is called..

Answer 23

-ate

Question 24

amino groups

Answer 24

acquire protons from neutral or acidic environments to become positively charged

Question 25

what kind of bonds do water molecules form between each other?

Answer 25

hydrogen. may form with other electronegative atoms too

Question 26

hydrogen bonds

Answer 26

weak interactions between molecules that can easily be formed and broken A=T G=-C

Question 27

hydrophilic molecules

Answer 27

water soluble.charged.

Question 28

hydrophobic molecules

Answer 28

not soluble in water. no charge

Question 29

predicting solubility of biomolecule

Answer 29

C:(O+N)=1-3 very soluble C:(O+N)=3-6 soluble C:(O+N)>6 insoluble

Question 30

amphipathic molecules

Answer 30

molecules with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. usually associated with fats and membrane structures. lipid bilayers or miscelles

Question 31

phosphate transfer cleavage reaction

Answer 31

group transfer cleavage reactions are associated wtih the transfer of phosphate groups.

Question 32

phosphate transfer

Answer 32

phosphate group from ATP is transferred to another molecule. outer P of ATP transferred to a hydroxyl group of glucose creating a phosphomonoester bond

Question 33

What types of reactions do kinases catalyze?

Answer 33

phosphate transfer

Question 34

phosphate cleavage

Answer 34

phosphate removed from molecule.

Question 35

What type of reactions to phosphatases catalyze?

Answer 35

phosphate cleavage

Question 36

rearrangement reactions

Answer 36

rearrangement but overall molecular formula does not change. between structural isomers.

Question 37

condensation-hydrolysis reactions

Answer 37

condensation of two molecules forming a single molecule, with a byproduct of water. require ATP. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse of condensation reactions, does not require energy.

Question 38

oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 38

oxidation-loss of H, reduction-loss of O

Question 39

what kind of reaction do dehydrogenases catalyze?

Answer 39

redox. remove 2 H from a structure

Question 40

what do oxidases do?

Answer 40

incorporate an O atom into various substrates.

Question 41

Which enzymes are used to catalyze a substrate that is being oxidized?

Answer 41

dehydrogenases and oxidases

Question 42

reductases

Answer 42

enzyme that ADDS 2 H to a substrate

Question 43

if a H-atom has lost its electron..

Answer 43

the only particle remaining is a proton

Question 44

acid

Answer 44

H+ donor

Question 45

base

Answer 45

H+ acceptor

Question 46

strong acids

Answer 46

completely dissociate, no pKa. HCL

Question 47

Weak acid

Answer 47

dissociate to a limited extent

Question 48

Ka

Answer 48

liklihood of an acid to release its proton

Question 49

pKa

Answer 49

-log(Ka)

Question 50

The lower the pKa

Answer 50

the stronger the acid

Question 51

Henderson/Hasselback equation

Answer 51

pH=pKa+log (conj base/acid)

Question 52

buffer

Answer 52

a weak acid and its conjugate base

Question 53

where is the buffering range most effective?

Answer 53

+/- 1.0 pH unit from the pKa of the weak acid. effectiveness increases with concentration

Question 54

pH>pKa

Answer 54

[conj base] > [base]

Question 55

pH=pKa

Answer 55

[HA]=[A-]

Question 56

pH>pKa

Answer 56

[A-]>[HA]

Question 57

pH

Answer 57

[A-]

Question 58

If a drug has pKa and pH of 7, and the mouth is pH of 7, how much of the drug would absorb?

Answer 58

half

Question 59

If a drug has a pKa and pH of 7 and the stomach is 1.5 pH, how much will be absorb?

Answer 59

If it is in a weak acid form, it will be absorbed because no charged. If it is charged, will not be absorbed.