Blood Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Blood is a connective tissue.

T/F

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Blood is composed of the cellular elements which are ___,____,____ all suspended in the fluid portion called the ______.

wbc, rbc & platelets

plasma

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Total volume of circulating blood in a man is about ___litters in male and _____ Litters in female

4. 5-6

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Blood is About _____% by weight in a 70kg man.

Plasma volume is about ___% accounting for __L

The formed element accounts for between -% of the total blood volume

7-8

43-45

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Charactersistic of Blood

______ color for oxygenated
_____ color for deoxygenated
pH range from ___ to ____ (______)
typical volume in adult male - L
typical volume in adult female __L
About __% of body weight

bright red

dark red/purplish

7.35 to 7.45 ; slightly alkaline

5-6

4-5

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Which is more dense, water or blood

Blood is much more dense than pure water

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Temperature of the blood

slightly warmer than body temperature 100.4 F

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Production of blood cell

➢ In fetus- Blood cells are formed in _____ and later in the ____ and ____

➢In infants-Blood cells are produced in _____ of ___ bones

➢Adults – Blood cells are formed in _____ of the ___ bones i.e _____ and _____

yolk sac; liver and spleen

Bone marrow; all

Bone marrow; long

upper humerus and femur

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The active marrow responsible for blood cells production is known as ____ marrow while the inactive one is called _____ marrow

red

yelow

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The population of committed stem cells in the marrow showed that ___% are white blood cells and ___% are red blood cells

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Stages in Red blood cells production (Erythropoiesis)

____ cell stage
_________ cells stage
_______ cells stage
________ cells stage
______ stage
_____ stage.
_________ stage

Stem

Burst- FUE

CFU-E

Proerythroblast

Erythroblast

Reticulocyte

Mature red blood cells stage

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Stem cell stage of erythropoiesis : These are ________ cells

Burst- FUE cells stage of erythropoiesis(_________ cells)

CFU-E cells stage (________ cells).

uncommitted stem

Burst-forming unit-erythroid

Colony-forming unit-erythroid

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______ and ____ are the EPO (erythropoietin) dependent stage of erythropoiesis

_______ is the EPO& iron dependent stage.

_______ is the Iron dependent stage.

Burst- FUE cells stage

CFU-E cells stage

Proerythroblast cells stage.

Erythroblast stage

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The stage ________ is where testosterone stimulates rbc production

between 3-4

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Erythroblast stage of erythropoiesis is divided into;

(i) . Early Eryryhtroblast stage:- Phase-1, It involves _______
(ii) . Late erythroblast stage:- Phase-2, Involves __________.
(iii) . Normoblast stage:- Phase 3, The stage of _______ of the _____

ribosome synthesis.

accumulation of haemoglobin

ejection of the nucleus.

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The whole process of erythropoiesis requires an average of ____ days ( ____ weeks) for the rbc maturation.

Stage 1 to stage __ takes about _____ days. Stage __ to stage _ takes about _____ days
Stage _ to stage __ takes about ___ days.

The whole process takes place in the ______

3; 10-14

3 to 5;5-7

6 to 7; 1 -2

peripheral bone marrow.

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➢ Erythrocyte are also known as ________

red blood cells

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Matured rbc is (nucleated or non nucleated?) &has a ____ shape

non nucleated

biconcave

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Rbc has a diameter of ___micrometer, edge thickness of ___ &center thickness of ___ micrometer

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Rbc

There are about ___ million /mm3 of blood with variation between the two sexes
➢Male _____ &Female ______ million cells/mm3 of blood

5-6
3-4.5

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Gonadal hormone testosterone in male is a rbc differenciation inducer

T/F

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The shape of the rbc provides maximum surface area for the (small or large?) volume of the cell and (small or large?) diffusion surface for passage of gases

Small

Large

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__________ dehydrogenase is present on the membrane of rbc and helps to utilize _____,____, and ___

Glucose-6phosphate

glucoce,O2 and ATP.

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Life span of rbc is ___ days

120

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The rbc count is (higher or lower?) in new born (__ mmillion/mm3) than in an adult

Higher 6

Rbc production is stimulated by hypoxia with the release of _____ __% from kidney & ___% from liver

erythropoietin 85 15

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) Contains ___ aa residues & ______ chains. Half life is about ____ Production stimulated by _____, but can also be stimulated by _____ and ____ ___% from kidney, ___% from liver Principal site of inactivation is _____

165; 4oligosaccharide 5 hours hypoxia cobalt salt and androgens 85; 15 liver

Chronic renal disease will adversely affect EPO’s production T/F

RED CELL FRAGILITY The rbc is existing in an isotonic environment (Plasma) which is determined by the Electorlyte concentration Changes in the concentration will affect the stability and volume of the rbc. At ___% saline which is isotonic with plasma no lysis is noticed in rbc At ___% saline lysis begins At ____% - ___ % saline lysis is 50% At _____% saline lysis is 100%

0. 9 0. 5 0. 4; 0.42 0. 35

Male Female ``` Hematocrit (PCV) __% __% Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) __ __ Red blood cell count(106/µl) ___ ____ MCV(hctx10/rbc(106/µl) ___ ___ MCH(pg) (Hbx10/rbc((106/µl) ___ ____ MCHC (Hbx100/Hct) ___ ____ ```

47; 42 16;14 5.4 ; 4.8 87; 87 29; 29 34 ; 34

PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) If one takes a sample of blood, treats it with an agent to prevent clotting, and spins it in a centrifuge, the ____ cells settle to the bottom the ____ cells settle on top of them forming the "______ ". The fraction occupied by the red cells is called the ________ . Normally it is approximately ___%. (47% in male,42% in female). Values much lower than this are sign of _____.

red white Buffy coat hematocrit 45 anemia

Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate | This is the _______ of ____ without _______.

rate of settlement of rbc being centrifuged

Normal values of Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate are ●i.New born = __mm/hr ii.Adult male = ___mm/hr (___) iii. Adult female = ___mm/hr (___)

2 3-7; 5.7 3-15;9.5

The stacking of rbc on one anoda is termed _____ formation

Rouleux

Nicotine is a vaso____ carbonmonoxide _____ Hb binding site for oxygen.

constrictor blocks

Cigarette smoke contains only nicotine but not CO. T/F

F Contains both

molecular weight of EPO is _____

35kdalton

EPO isAlso Produced other areas such as _____ in brain

astrocytes

Erythropoietin stimulates rbc production from bone within _____

2days

Iron Absorb from ___ part of _____ by active transport . It’s absorption is 3x more rapid if in ____ state(___),than in the ____ state (____) D amount needed daily =____mg in adult & __mg in menstruating female

1st small intestine ferrous; Fe2+ ferric; Fe3+. 0.5; 2

______ forms the core element of heme porphyrin structure.

Iron

Iron is released when rbc are broken down, transported by _____ (_____) to the liver

transferrin; β-globulin

The Liver stores about ___% of the body iron as _____

60 ; Apoferritin

Iron is distributed in the body as follows; Hemoglobin (____%), Myoglobin (__%), Ferritin (____%),trasferin (___%)

65 4 15-30 0.1

Vitamin B12 ➢Important for conversion of ______ to _____ an important component of DNA. ➢Absorbtion occur at the ______ and this is enhanced by _____ from _____ cell ➢Amount needed to maintain normal rbc production is about ___ ➢Deficiency leads to ______ anemia

ribose nucleotide to deoxyribonucleotide terminal illeum; intrinsic factor; parietal 1ηg Pernicious

pernicious anaemia is failure of ________ and division of rbc

nuclear maturation

HEMOGLOBIN ➢ Its a _____ shape molecule. ➢ A protein with molecular weight of _____. ➢ Has 2 parts- ____ portion and ___ part

globular 64,450 Heme globin

Hemoglobin Heme part is attached to _________ chain which constitute the globin portion of the hemoglobin ➢ Thus, there are ___ heme residue in each hemoglobin ➢ The heme has an iron central dormain ➢A fully saturated hemoglobin can carry ____ molcules of O2 ➢ Hemoglobin concentration is about __g/dl in female and ___g/dl in male

4 polypeptide 4 4 14 16

Diagnostic Blood Tests a. ____ - low hematocrit (below 35%) b _____ - high in fat; yellowish plasma c. ______ – high blood glucose level d. ____ - generally higher WBC count e. _____ - significantly higher WBC count

anemia lipidemia diabetes infection leukemia

differential WBC count - is finding out the _____ of _______ prothrombin time - time for ____ to occur

counts % each of the different leukocytes clotting

SYNTHESIS OF HEMOGLOBIN It begins in the _____ & continue through the ____ stage . ●Synthensis of heme part begins with simple materials such as _____ and ______ to form a _____ structure called _____

erythroblast ; normoblast Succinyl- coA and glycine Ring ; pyrole

____ pyrole are combined into a ____ into which ____ is added to form heme

Four porphrin iron

Isomerase is an enzyme that facilitate the reaction of ___ synthesis deficiency of which leads to production of _____

heme abnormal heme

BREAK DOWN OF RED BLOOD CELL ➢After the average life span of about ______, rbc are broken down and vital components recycled for production of new ones. ➢About ___ rbc is broken down /hour giving about ______ of hemoglobin ➢The breakdown takes place in the ____,____,_____,_______ via the activities of the _______ cells (_____)

120 days 1x10 raised to power 10 0.3grams spleen, liver, Lymph nodes and long bone marrow Reticuloendothelial; Macrophages

Sickle cell hereditary or not genetic or not -characterized by the presence of abnormal _____-shaped red blood cells instead of the regular _______-shaped cells.

Hereditary Genetic crescent biconcave disc

Sickle cell First identified by ______ in ____ & named by _______ in ____ because of the ___ appearance of the red blood cell.

Dr. Herrick in1910 Dr V.R Mason in 1922 sickle

The main cause of sickle cell disease is when _____ mutates into an abnormal type called ______

haemoglobin haemoglobin S.

Hemoglobin S There was substitution of ___ for _______ at position ___ on the ___ polypeptide chain of the haemoglobin.

valine Glutamic acid 6 beta

The determination of the type of hemoglobin is based on the type of the ______ present.

polypeptide chain combination

There are normally __ chain in an hemoglobin

``` The chains that are available are ; α-chain : which has ___ amino acids β- chain : which has ____ amino acids δ- chain : which has ___ amino acids γ-chain: which has ____ amino acids ```

141 146 146 146

Hemoglobin S ( _____ substituted for _______ @ position __

Valine glutamic acid 6

Hemoglobin G(San jose) ____ substituted for _____ @ position __

Glycine glutamic acid 7

Hemoglobin E – ____ substituted for _______ @ position ___

Lysine glutamic acid 26

Hemoglobin M (Saskatoon) ____ substituted for ____ @position __ HgM (Milwaukee) ______ substituted for ___ @ position ___

Trypsin; Histidine; 63 glutamic acid ; valine ; 67

Hemoglobin O(Arabia) _____ substituted for ______ @ position ——

lysine glutamic acid 121

Bilirubin binds to _______ in plasma for its transportation Becomes conjugated with _____ to form Bilirubin _____ and bilirubin ____ in the ____ The two compound pass through the ____ into the _____ and get degraded into ___ by _____ Urobilinogen has the following fate after its formation; 1. Reabsorbed and get back into the ___ 2. Some escape into blood stream and are ______ in the _____ 3. Some get oxidized into _____ ,forming brown colouration of the faeces

α-globulin glucoronic acid; monoglucoronide; diglucoronide; liver bile duct ; Colon; Urobilinogen; intestinal bacteria liver; excreted; bile duct; Urobilin

JAUNDICE ●A clinical condition seen in patient with ____ colouration of the ___,_____ and & oda soft tissues of d body ● Bilirubin ,product of hemoglobin breakdown is present inthe plasma in ____ form in normal individual with a concentration of ___-___ mg/100ml of blood ● Any excess will not be handled by the body and will lead to the yellowish colourtion of the skin, conjunctiva and other soft tissues of the body ● It usually occur when more than ___-___mls of blood is ______ in less than a day.

yellowish cornea,conjunctiva conjugated; 0.3- 1.0 300-500; hemolysed

CAUSES OF JAUNDICE _______ _____ or Toxic effect on liver cells _______ of the _____ duct

Hemolysis Infection Obstruction of the bile

TYPES of jaundice 1. Hemolytic Jaundice-due to _________ , after birth jaundice, after ______ mutation and _____ mechanism for adaptation to ____ tension 2. Obstructive Jaundice.- _____,____,____

mismatched blood bone marrow compensatory; high O2 Gall stone, Tumour, Damage to liver.

ANAEMIA Anaemia is a disease condition characterised by a (increment or reduction?) in number of circulating rbc and consequently circulating hemoglobin content of the blood

Reduction

CAUSES of anaemia 1. When erythropoietic tissue cant ____________ to maintain daily output of about ________ cells to maintain normal concentration. 2. Rapid ___ of blood from the body beyond which rbc _____. 3. ______ failure of ______ to erythrocyte due to absence of _____ and ____, with formation of a ____ (rbc with _____)

supply enough normal rbc 2x10^11 loss; production Maturation; reticulocyte Vit12 & folic acid megaloblast; nucleus

TYPES of anaemia 1. Sickle cell anaemia:Result from __________ present in blood as a result of _______ or ______ 2. Aplastic anaemia:_______ of _______ with replacement with ____ 3. Pernicious /Megaloblastic anaemia: _______ 4. Iron deficient anaemia:Iron deficiency wil lead to _____ rbc productn & ______ concentration. 5. Hemolytic anaemia Hemolysis due to problem with the rbc’s _____, presence of drugs and infection that affect negatively the activities of the _______________

abnormal sickle shaped rbc hereditary or mutation Absent of red bone marrow ; fatty tissue Maturation failure of reticulocyte to erythrocyte due to absence of Vit12 & folic acid, with formation of a megaloblast (rbc with nucleus) lowered; hemoglobin membrane; Glucose -6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS The white blood cells are also known as ______ There are about ___-_____ white blood cells/mm3 of blood. The amount varies with the health state of the subject with ___eased concentration during infction. They are broadly divided into ; _______ and ______

leucocytes; 4-11 thousand Incr Granulocyte and agranulocytes

Granulocyte:- Contains ______ that pick up ____.

cytoplasmic granules stains

``` Eosinophils Staining colour- _____ No of lobes of nucleus-__-__ Concentration – ___-___ cells /mm3 blood % of wbc —_—% Half life – __-__ hours ```

Bright red 1-2 150-300 1-4 12-20

Basophil Staining colour – ——- No of lobes of nucleus –______ Concentration – __-___cell/ mm3 of blood % white blood cell –__-__% Half life -___-___ hour

Blue No definite lobe 0-100 1-4 12-20

Neutrophil Staining – _____ No of lobes –__-__ Concentration –_____-_____ cells/mm3 of blood Half life –______

Neutral 3-5 3000 – 6000 6 hours

Agranulocytes Monocytes ●Has _____ shaped nucleus occupying _____ of the cytoplasma ●Concentration = ___-___ cells /mm3 of blood ●% white blood cell – __-__% ●Half life –_____ to _____

horse shoe 2/3 300-600 2-8 72hours to Months

Usually, monocytes circulates for about _____ in the blood after which they enter the tissue & are transformed into tissue _____ wher they can survive for ______.

72 hours macrophages months

Example of tissue macrophages; 1. _____ cell of the liver. 2. Pulmonary _____ macrophages 2. _____ in bones 3. _______ cells in the brain and Nervous system 4. _____ of the lymph nodes 5. _____ of the spleen Macrophages are activated by _____ from __-lymphocytes and are called _____ or _____ cells

Kuffer alveolar Osteoclast Microglia Microphages Macrophages lymphokines; T histocytes or wandering

ALBUMIN ●From the ___ ●4-5g/100mls of blood (3.5-5g/dl) ●D smallest size wit molecular weight of ___-____ ●Total exchangeable albumin pool=__-__g/kg bodyweight ●____% of exchangeable pool degraded daily ●Replacement comes from hepatic cells producing —-_——mg/kg/day

liver 69000- 70000 4-5 10 200 to 400

●Most abundant plasma protein is ???

Albumin

Synthesis of albumin ___eases in fasting and ___ease in nephrosis because of loss in urine

Decr Incr

GLOBULIN ●Made by the ____ & others by plasma cells ●Form about ___% of total plasam protein ●Amount in circulating blood ___g/100ml of blood ●Occurs in various form –α-globulin (150,000 – 160,000) to Transport _____ and ___ -γ-globulin (150,000 – 900,000).e.g ____ trasporting protein called _____. -β – globulin (90,000) e.g _______

liver 20 2-3 retinol and Thyroxine iron; transferrin antibodies

Albumin-globulin ratio = __:__

2: 1

FIBRINOGEN ●From ____ ●Molecular weight = _______ ● Amount in circulation = ____-____g/100ml

liver 350,000 0.15- 0.3

The only soluble plasma protein is _______

Fibrinogen

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ● Injury to tissue as a result of bacteria ,trauma, chemicals, heat or any other sources initiates the release of chemical substances causing (primary or secondary?) changes in the injured tissue, a reaction known as inflammation. Its characterrised by 1.Vaso_____ of local blood vessels 2.____eased capillary permeability 3.______ of ____ in interstitial spaces 4.Migration of ______ and _____ to area of injury 5.Swelling of the ____ cells

Secondary dilation Incr Clotting of fluid Granulocytes and monocytes tissue

In Acute Inflammation ➢ _______ cells are dominant with _____ cell migrating later ➢Endogenous mediator from blood vessels or extra vascular tissues e.g ______,______,______,_______, and ______ system play important role

Polymorphonuclear mononulear Serotonin, Bradikinin, lyphokines, histamin and complement

In Chronic Inflammation ➢Involves ______ and ______ ( ____ cells) ➢When it occur just under the skin, its characterised by _____ ______ ______

monocytes and cytotoxic T-cells T8 Swelling Tenderness Pain

Triple inflammatory Response Occur due to injury to the skin and its characterised by ______ _______(____) _______

Red reaction Wheal (The swelling) Flare

Red reaction:- Occuring within _____ Its due to ______ (constriction or dilatation ?) Wheal (The swelling):-Occuring after ______ following red reaction It is a _____ and it due to increased _____ Flare:- Its due to _____ (constriction or dilatation ?)

10 minutes capillary dilation a few minutes local edema; capillary permeability arteriolar dilation

A flare reaction is present after total sympathectomy T/F

Flare is present in locally anesthetized skin and denervated skin T/F

F | It isn’t

Lymphocytes -are produced from lymph nodes ,_____ and _____.The precursors ,all came from the _______. Concentration- 1500, 4000 cells/ mm3 of blood % white blood cells- 20-40% Half life –_____ ➢Concentration decreased by ___corticoids from zona ____ of adrenal cortex

thymus & spleen bone marrow 200 days gluco; fasiculata

Lobe - ________ nucleus occupying almost the whole cytoplasm

Single large

●The lymphatic system represent an assesory route by which fluid can flow from _____ state into the ____. ●Except the _______ ,_______,______ all other part of the body have lymphatic channels. ●The lymphatic system has lymph nodes which have reticulum cells, a premitive phagocytic cell

CNS, Bone and Superficial portion of the skin

Composition of lymph 1. ____ 2. _____ 3. ______ concentration is about __g/dl

Water Lymphocytes Protein;2

IMMUNITY Immunity is the ability of the body to ______ by foreign organism or toxins that tend to damage the tissue and organs of the body.

resist invasion

There are 2 types of immunity A._____ immunity B._____ immunity

Innate Aquired

A.Innate immunity ➢________ nor _____ at a specific disease causing organism ➢Includes; a. ______ action of white blood cells b. Action of ____ enzymes in the GIT c. Resistance posed by the ____ etc

Non specific nor directed Phagocytic digestive skin

``` Acquired immunity ➢This is developed against a _____ invading organism or toxins after ______ ➢Involves production of ______ ➢There are two forms of aquired immunity i. ______ immunity ``` ii. ______ immunity

specific first experience specific antibodies Humoral Cellular

Types of acquired immunity i. Humoral immunity:This is immunity produced by ______ ii. Cellular immunity:This is achieved via _______________ designed to ___________

circulating antibodies (γ-globulin) production of large number of activated lymphocytes ; destroy the foreign agent.

Cellular immunity is responsible for ________ reaction and ______ of ______

delayed allergic rejection of foreign tissue transplant.

WAYS OF ACHIEVING SELF IMMUNITY 1. Use of ________(weakened) organism that help the body to ______ e.g _____ 2. Use of ____ organism to provoke production of ______ similar to those occasioned by another organism e.g. _____ use to prevent small pox 3. The use of ___ organism that causes __ disease but capable of inducing formation of antibodies e.g__ and ____ 4. Use of _____ which are_____ to remove the ____ effect but still able 2 stimulate production of antibodies e.g _____ 5. Injection of __________ containing antibodies to several antigen 6. Use of ___ toxins i.e.____ to _____ organism e.g______ to _______.

life attenuated ; produce Imunoglobulins; measles similar; antibodies Cowpox; small pox killed; no; polio & thyphoid tooids; toxins Modified; toxic; tetanus cooled human γ-globulin Anti; Antibody; specific antitoxin to Rattle snake venom

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ANTIBODY ● Has _______ chains -____ chains called ____ chains -_____ chains called ____ chains

4 polypeptide 2long; heavy 2 short; light

An anti body There are ____ types of heavy chains and ____ types of light chains

5 2

An antibody The heavy chain has : ``` a _________ segement a __________ segement a ___________ segement a _________ segement ● This alows for production of immensely large number of different configuration of ______ ```

variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) constant (C) immunoglobulins

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ● The gene is located on the ____ arm of human chromosome ___ and it encodes for glycoproteins located on surfaces of all cells ● This glycoprotein is responsible for _______ and ______ ● There are 2 types based on tissue distribution 1. _____ antigen 2. _____ antigen

short; 6 self recognition and antibody processing Class I Class II

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX Class I antigen -molecular weight = ______ -Found on ______ cells Must be presented with ____ to activate ___ cells Class II antigen -Its an ______ ___-___ _____-chain ___-___ _____-chain Found on _____,_____, and _______cells Must be presented with ___ to activate —— cells

45 kilodalton all nucleated antigen; T8 heterodymer 29-34k α 25-28k β macrophages, B-cells & activated T- antigen; T4

THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ●These are ______ plasma enzymes found in serum that can cause ____ of rbc and also the destruction of certain ____ when appropriate _____ is also present. ●They serve as the _____ of the effects of circulating antibodies and cellular immunity. ●The enzymes are designated as ___-____ ●The complement system is activated via ____ pathway(by ____________ ) or via ____\ or _________ pathway (via a circulating protein known as _______)

heat labile; lysis; bacteria; antibody mediator C1-C9 classic; antigen bounded antibody alternate or pro-perdin factor1

actomyosin - causes ____ of platelets

contraction

HEMOPHILIA A(______ hemophilia) :- It is genetically transmitted and its characterised by lack of factor _____ (antihemophilic ____)

Classical VIII globulin

HEMOPHILIA B (____disease) :- It is characterised by failure of factor ____. It is ___ linked

Christmas IX sex

HEMOPHILIA C:- It is characterised by failure of factor ___ ( _______)

XI Plasma thromboplastin anticedent

HYPOFIBRINOGENEMIA :- Deficiency of fibrinogen. It can be _____ or _____ due to severe ____ damage

congenital or acquired liver

INTRAVASCULAR CLOTING (THROMBOSIS) :-It result in a clot caused by a ____ blood flow and the presence of ____ surface. It may be serious depending on the ______ e.g at coronary vessels or cerebral vessels.

slow roughen Side of formation

Von willebrand’ disease:- Deficiency of Von wilebrand factor which form a complex with factor ____ regulating plasma level of factor ____

VIII VIII

agglutinogens These are glycoprotein complexes with molecular weight of about _____

200,000

Who has more of the following betweeen USA and Nigeria A B AB O

USA Nigeria Nigeria USA

Agglutinogen A & B are inherited according to __________ of inheritance

Mendellian theory

RHESUS FACTOR ● Rhesus factor or D antigen was first discovered on blood of a _______. ●This antigen is present in rbc of ____% of population. ● Individual with the antigen are Rh___ ● Those without the D antigen are Rh_ & the corresponding antibody is ______ in plasma of Rh- individual.

rhesus monkey 85 + - not naturally present

First Infusion of blood from Rh+ individual into Rh- individual will leads to development of ____ ● Second experience of transfussion will lead to _______ of the ______ and Rhesus hemolytic disease of the new born arises i.e. ____________________

the antibody destruction of rbc Rh+ blood ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

T lymphocytes are processed in _____. The processing occurs mostly during the period between _____ and _____.

thymus just before birth few months after birth

Thymus secretes a hormone called ____, which plays an important role in immunity.

thymosin

Thymosine It accelerates the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes in thymus. It decreases the activity of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. T/F

T F

Types of T Lymphocytes: 1. ____ T cells or ____ T cells. 2. ___ T cells or ___ T cells. 3. ____ T cells. 4. _____ T cells.

Helper; inducer Cytotoxic; killer Suppressor Memory

Types of T Lymphocytes: 1. Helper T cells These cells are also called ____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface. 2. Cytotoxic T cells: These cells are also called _____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.

CD4; CD4 CD8; CD8

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes stay in the thymus and are stored in the thymus cells T/F

F After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes leave the thymus and are stored in lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and GI tract.

B lymphocytes were first discovered in the ______ in birds, hence the name B lymphocytes.

bursa of Fabricius

Bursa of Fabricius is a lymphoid organ situated near the ____ of birds. Bursa is (present or absent?) in mammals and the processing of B lymphocytes takes place in ____ (during fetal life) and ____ (after birth).

cloaca Absent liver bone marrow

After processing, the B lymphocytes are transformed into two types: 1. _____ cells 2. ____ cells.

Plasma Memory

Antigen-presenting cells are the special type of cells in the body, which ________ from ___ organisms and later present these materials to The _____ cells.

induce the release of antigenic materials invading helper T

_______ are the major anti-gen-presenting cells.

macrophages

Function of helper T cells Helper T cells (CD4 cells) which enter the circulation activate ______ and ____

B cells to produce plasma cells T lymphocytes to produce T8 cells and others

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated by ________ , circulate through blood, lymph and lymphatic tissues and ____ the ____ organisms by ____

helper T cells destroy invading attacking them directly.

Suppressor T cells are also called ________ cells. These T cells suppress the activities of the ________ cells.

regulatory T killer T

the suppressor T cells play an important role in preventing the ______ cells from destroying the _______ along with invaded organisms.

killer T body’s own tissues

Suppressor cells suppress the activities of helper T cells T/F

In later periods, the memory cells ________________ throughout the body. When the body is exposed to the same organisms for the second time, the memory cells _____ the organism and immediately ________. So, the invading organism is destroyed very quickly. The response of the T cells is also more powerful this time.

migrate to various lymphoid tissues identify activate the other T cells

FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEIN Contribute to the ___ of the plasma Responsible for _____ of filtered fluid from _____ compartment Create _____ stability in blood aiding maintainance of dispersion of materials Reserve of _____ for the body __________ Transport of ___ in blood Transport of _____,___,,______ ,

viscocity osmotic return; interstitial fluid suspension amino acid Blood buffers (15% of blood buffering capacity) CO2 Hormones , urea, lipids, glucose

T lymphocytes are processed in _____. The processing occurs mostly during the period between _____ and _____.

thymus just before birth few months after birth

Thymus secretes a hormone called ____, which plays an important role in immunity.

thymosin

Thymosine It accelerates the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes in thymus. It decreases the activity of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. T/F

T F

Types of T Lymphocytes: 1. ____ T cells or ____ T cells. 2. ___ T cells or ___ T cells. 3. ____ T cells. 4. _____ T cells.

Helper; inducer Cytotoxic; killer Suppressor Memory

CD4; CD4 CD8; CD8

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes stay in the thymus and are stored in the thymus cells T/F

F After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes leave the thymus and are stored in lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and GI tract.

B lymphocytes were first discovered in the ______ in birds, hence the name B lymphocytes.

bursa of Fabricius

cloaca Absent liver bone marrow

After processing, the B lymphocytes are transformed into two types: 1. _____ cells 2. ____ cells.

Plasma Memory

Antigen-presenting cells are the special type of cells in the body, which ________ from ___ organisms and later present these materials to The _____ cells.

induce the release of antigenic materials invading helper T

_______ are the major anti-gen-presenting cells.

macrophages

Function of helper T cells Helper T cells (CD4 cells) which enter the circulation activate ______ and ____

B cells to produce plasma cells T lymphocytes to produce T8 cells and others

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated by ________ , circulate through blood, lymph and lymphatic tissues and ____ the ____ organisms by ____

helper T cells destroy invading attacking them directly.

Suppressor T cells are also called ________ cells. These T cells suppress the activities of the ________ cells.

regulatory T killer T

the suppressor T cells play an important role in preventing the ______ cells from destroying the _______ along with invaded organisms.

killer T body’s own tissues

Suppressor cells suppress the activities of helper T cells T/F

migrate to various lymphoid tissues identify activate the other T cells

viscocity osmotic return; interstitial fluid suspension amino acid Blood buffers (15% of blood buffering capacity) CO2 Hormones , urea, lipids, glucose

T lymphocytes are processed in _____. The processing occurs mostly during the period between _____ and _____.

thymus just before birth few months after birth

Thymus secretes a hormone called ____, which plays an important role in immunity.

thymosin

Thymosine It accelerates the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes in thymus. It decreases the activity of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. T/F

T F

Types of T Lymphocytes: 1. ____ T cells or ____ T cells. 2. ___ T cells or ___ T cells. 3. ____ T cells. 4. _____ T cells.

Helper; inducer Cytotoxic; killer Suppressor Memory

CD4; CD4 CD8; CD8

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes stay in the thymus and are stored in the thymus cells T/F

F After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes leave the thymus and are stored in lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and GI tract.

B lymphocytes were first discovered in the ______ in birds, hence the name B lymphocytes.

bursa of Fabricius

cloaca Absent liver bone marrow

After processing, the B lymphocytes are transformed into two types: 1. _____ cells 2. ____ cells.

Plasma Memory

Antigen-presenting cells are the special type of cells in the body, which ________ from ___ organisms and later present these materials to The _____ cells.

induce the release of antigenic materials invading helper T

_______ are the major anti-gen-presenting cells.

macrophages

Function of helper T cells Helper T cells (CD4 cells) which enter the circulation activate ______ and ____

B cells to produce plasma cells T lymphocytes to produce T8 cells and others

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated by ________ , circulate through blood, lymph and lymphatic tissues and ____ the ____ organisms by ____

helper T cells destroy invading attacking them directly.

Suppressor T cells are also called ________ cells. These T cells suppress the activities of the ________ cells.

regulatory T killer T

the suppressor T cells play an important role in preventing the ______ cells from destroying the _______ along with invaded organisms.

killer T body’s own tissues

Suppressor cells suppress the activities of helper T cells T/F

migrate to various lymphoid tissues identify activate the other T cells

Blood Flashcards

(177 cards)