Resp 3,4,5,6 Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE.

(1) Gases are in ____ motion and move (diffuse) from area of ____ concentration to ____ concentration.
(2) ____ energy is provided by the motion of the molecules.
(3) The total pressure of the gas is ____ proportional to the ______ of the gas molecules.
(4) Pressure of gas in solution is also determined by its _________.

random ; higher ; lower

Kinetic

directly; concentration

solubility coefficient

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Solubility coefficient of respiratory gases are given as

CO2 (_____ )

O2 ( ______ )

CO (_____)

N2 (______)

He (______ ).

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CO2 has a (high or low?) solubility coefficient

High

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Co2 is not attracted to water

T/F

It is

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Henry’s law is used to define the relationship:

Pressure =__________/______

Concentration of dissolved gas

Solubility coefficient

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Iseoluwa, for the partial pressure stuff, say how it is moving

Starting from inspired air😉

Inspired air

Alveolus

Arterial blood

Venous blood

Expired air

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Partial pressure of water vapor in venous blood and the rest

Inspired air is 5.7mmHg

The rest are 47.0mmHg

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Unit for inspired air is ????

MmHg

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Between , oxygen, co2, h20, and N2

Which ones have the lowest and highest PP on inspired air and what’s their values

Lowest :Co2 ;0.3

Highest: oxygen; 158.0

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From inspired air to expired air, partial presssure of oxygen reduces all through

T/F

It increases from venous blood to expired air

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Describe the trend of oxygen partial pressure with values from inspired air to expired air

158

100

116

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Describe the trend of co2 partial pressure with values from inspired air to expired air

0.3

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FACTORS AFFECTING GASEOUS EXCHANGE
1. Pressure difference: Gases will diffuse from an area of ____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration.

Thickness of respiratory membrane.
Normally about _____.
Factors that increase thickness (like ____) (increase or reduce?) diffusion
Surface area of membrane.
When surface area available for diffusion is reduced (eg._______ or _____) , exchange is (impeded or augmented ?) even under resting conditions.

higher

lower

0.5μm; fibrosis; reduce

Emphysema or pneumonia

Impeded

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Arterial PO2 < Alveolar PO2 because of ______________:

(a) ______ veins drain blood from ____ direct to _______.
(b) _______ anastamosis: Parts of ______ (systemic blood) draining into _____.

artero-venous shunts

Thebesian; myocardium; left ventricle

Broncho-pulmonary

bronchial venous blood

pulmonary veins

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Diffusing capacity of a gas refers to the ____ of gas that diffuses through the membrane each ____ for a pressure difference of ______.

Volume

minute

1 mmHg

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Unit of diffusing capacity is??

Ml/min

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Diffusing capacity of O2 is about ___ml/min.

For CO2 it is about ____-____ ml/min/mmHg. (___ times (greater or lesser?) than O2).

400 - 450

20; greater

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For a given gas the diffusing capacity is

(a) _______ proportional to the size of the respiratory membrane.
(b) _______ proportional to the thickness of respiratory membrane.

directly

Inversely

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Effect of exercise on diffusing capacity on O2, Co2, and CO

Exercise increases the diffusing capacity of O2, CO2 and CO.

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TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN
The delivery of O2 to the different parts of the body is made possible by :
(a)the _____ system
(b) the _______ system.

respiratory

cardiovascular

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O2 delivery to a particular tissue depends on:
      - amount of O2 entering the \_\_
      - adequacy of \_\_\_\_\_\_ exchange
      -\_\_\_\_\_ flow to tissue
      -degree of (constriction or dilatation?) of vascular bed in tissue \_\_\_\_\_
     -capacity of \_\_\_\_ to carry O2      
    amount of \_\_\_\_\_ O2
    amount of \_\_\_\_ in blood
    affinity of \_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_

lungs

pulmonary-gas

blood

constriction

cardiac output

blood; dissolved; Hb

Hb for O2

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Theoretically,
At 100% saturation 1g of Hb binds _____ ml of O2
Called the ___________ capacity of Hb.

1.39

theoretical O2 binding

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The theoretical O2 binding capacity of Hb is theoretical because :

____% of binding sites cannot function as O2 carriers because some Hb is present as _______ (____%).
Other sites are occupied by ___ (____%).

2-4

methemoglobin; 1-2

CO; 1-2

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Realistically, at 100% saturation,

1g of Hb contains ____ ml of O2.

1.34

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100 ml of blood contains ___ ml (___ x __) of O2 bound to Hb when fully saturated.

20. 1 | 1. 34 x 15

in systemic circulation, blood is 100% saturated T/F If T , why If F , why

F 97 because of slight admixture

in systemic circulation, blood is 97% saturated and at this level of saturation, 1g of Hb contains ___ ml of O2 or ____ ml of O2/100 ml blood.

1. 30 | 19. 8

Oxygen is transported in 2 forms in blood (a) In _____. In arterial blood ___ ml or ___% is carried (b) In combination with __. ____ ml or ___% is carried

solution 0.29; 1.5 Hb 19.5; 98.5

In venous blood, Hb is ____% saturated.

In venous blood, Hb is 75% saturated. At this level of saturation, 1 g of Hb contains ___ ml of O2. The total O2 content is therefore ____ ml/100ml blood. ___ml/100 ml or ___% of blood is carried in solution ___ ml or ____% is carried in combination with Hb.

1. 02 15. 3 0. 1; 0.7 15. 2; 99.3

At rest, ___ ml O2 /100ml blood (___-___) are extracted. ____ ml (3.8%) is in solution. _____ ml (96.2%) is in combination with Hb.

4. 5 19. 8 - 15.3 0. 17 4. 33

Two pigments, ______ and _____, play important roles in the transport of oxygen.

hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin

HEMOGLOBIN - Protein made up of ___ subunits. - A subunit contains a ____ moiety attached to a _____ chain.

4 heme polypeptide

Heme is made up of _____ and __ atom of ______ iron.

porphyrin 1 ferrous

Each of the 4 iron atoms in heme can bind (reversibly or irreversibly?) with ___ molecule. Reaction is ____ and iron stays in the ____ state.

Reversibly O2 OXYGENATION ferrous

______ structure of Hb determines its affinity for O2.

Quaternary

Oxygenation Reaction of Hb with O2 Ise!!!, say it line by line

Hb4 + O2  Hb4O2 Hb4O2 + O2  Hb4O4 Hb4O4 + O2  Hb4O6 Hb4O6 + O2  Hb4O8

Hb Dissociation curve is ____ shaped

sigmoid

MYOGLOBIN. ____ containing pigment found in ____ muscle. - Binds __ mol of oxygen per mole - Dissociation curve is ________ shape - Picks up O2 from Hb in blood (because its curve is to the ____ of Hb curve. - Releases O2 only at ___ PO2 eg. In exercising muscles. - Facilitates diffusion of O2 from ____ where _____ reactions occur.

Iron skeletal 1 rectangular hyperbola Left low blood to mitochondria oxidative

Factors affecting the affinity of Hb for O2. Answer with right or left * A fall in pH * an decrease in pCO2 * an increase in temperature * an decrease in [2,3-DPG]

Right Left Right Left

In a state of the oxy-Hb curve moving to the right, a (higher or lower?) pO2 is required for Hb to bind to a given amount of O2. ``` This implies (lesser or greater?) dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin and Therefore (lesser or greater?) unloading of oxygen to the tissues. ```

Higher Greater Greater

During exercise or in active tissues: pCO2 is ____, pH is ___ and temperature is ____. More O2 is therefore (loaded or unloaded?) to the active tissues where it is needed.

high low high Unloaded

P50 The ____ at which Hb is ___ saturated with O2 Describes the shifts. The higher the P50, the (lower or higher?) the affinity of Hb for O2.

PO2 Half Lower

Bohr effect is the ___ease in O2 affinity of Hb when the pH of blood ____.

Decr falls

Which bind more H? Deoxygenated Hb or Oxygenated Hb

deoxygenated Hb binds H+ more actively than oxyhemoglobin.

an increase in pH, a fall in pCO2 a fall in temperature or a fall in [2,3-DPG] shifts the curve to the _____ and ___eases unloading of O2 to the tissues.

left Decr

The following factors affect the concentration of 2,3-DPG. a) pH: 2,3-DPG ____ when pH is low _____,______,and _______ Hormones increase the concentration of 2,3-DPG.

falls Thyroid, Growth hormone and Androgens.

TRANSPORT OF CARBON MONOXIDE Carboxyhemoglobin CO displaces ___ from Hb and is carried through _____ resulting in ________.

O2 systemic capillaries CO poisoning

Bond between CO and Hb is about ____ times (weaker or stronger?) than bond with oxygen

210 Stronger

Treat CO poisoning with _______ (___% O2 at ____ atmospheres pressure).

hyperbaric oxygen 100 2 – 3

Carboxyhemoglobin in blood of active nonsmokers is not more than _____%

1.5

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 is carried in 3 forms in blood. (1) In _____ (2) As _______ (3) As _____

solution Carbamino compound bicarbonate ion

Venous blood contains about ____ml of CO2 per 100 ml of blood.

52.7

About _____ ml of CO2 is produced in the adult human body per minute.

200

CO2 is carried in 3 forms in blood. (1) In solution: ___% of CO2 is carried in the dissolved form in plasma. (2)As Carbamino compound:___% of CO2 is carried as a chemical compound with ___. (3) As bicarbonate ion (The chloride shift). ___% of CO2 is carried in the bicarbonate form.

10 30; Hb 60

The dissolved CO2 is inversely proportional to the PCO2. T/F

F Directly

CO2 (reversibly or irreversibly ?) combines with hemoglobin to form a carbamino compound.

Reversibly

HCO3- is formed directly by the ______ of _____ by ____ inside the ____. Reaction is catalysed by _____ • present inside the _____ • absent in _____. Carbonic acid so formed breaks down into _____ and _____

hydoxylation; CO2 water; red cells carbonic anhydrase red cells plasma H+ and HCO3-.

Carbonic acid so formed breaks down into H+ and HCO3-. * The excess HCO3- in the red cell (about ____%) leaves the red cell in exchange for ____ ions. * The exchange is called the _____ and is mediated by the membrane protein ______.

70 Cl- chloride shift Band 3

THE ALVEOLI. • High PO2 causes ___ to replace ____ on the Hb molecule (_____ effect). • ______ reactions take place and ___ diffuses (up or down?) the gradient into the _____ • Deoxygenation shifts the composite CO2 curve (upward or downward ?) • Change in CO2 content occurs as arterial blood passes through ______ and becomes ________

O2; CO2 Haldane Reversed; CO2; down; alveolar sacs. Upward systemic capillaries venous blood.

Elements of the control system include the sensors (_____,____), which make input to the central controller (_____,_____ and other parts of brain). The central controller analyses input and sends output through ______ portions of cord to the effectors (___________) which modify the activity of the sensors.

Chemoreceptors, lungs pons, medulla ventrolateral respiratory muscles

NEURAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION. There are 2 distinct mechanisms (a) _______ (b) _______ control.

voluntary automatic

Voluntary control of respiration (e.g __________ ) is controlled by the _______. Impulses are sent to the respiratory motor neurons via the _____ tract. Automatic control of respiration is by ______ and ______

breath holding cerebral cortex corticospinal medulla oblongata and pons.

THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS Found in ______ and ______ Produce ______ respiration. Function is to receive, evaluate and emit signals to ____________.

medulla oblongata and pons. Automatic respiratory muscles

Medullary centers of respiration is Made up of : (ii) ______ group of neurons (ii) ________ group of neurons

Dorsal respiratory Ventral respiratory

Dorsal respiratory group of neurons (DRG) : Located within the _________ Sensory termination of ____ and ____ cranial nerves. Contains (INSPIRATORY or expiratory?) neurons and generates ________

nucleus tractus solitarius IX and X inspiratory basic respiratory rhythm.

Nervous impulse to inspiratory muscles from DRG is instantaneous T/F

F not instantaneous but in a ramp fashion.

Which is longer Inspiration time or expiration

inspiration time is longer than expiration time.

THE RAMP AND ITS CONTROL: HOW WE BREATHE During inspiration, ramp ___eases rapidly causing the ____ to ____ rapidly. Thus the earlier the ramp ceases the (shorter or longer?) the rate of inspiration. This leads to an _____ease in respiration.

Incr lungs to fill Shorter Incr

During respiratory cycle, medullary respiratory centers transmit a characteristic pattern of activity to motor neurons supplying muscles of _____.

respiration

There are ___ inspiratory and ___ expiratory phases.

one two

Inspiratory phase begins with _______ in ______, followed by a ____-like ___ease in ______ throughout the remainder of inspiration. End of inspiration is signaled by ________ which abruptly decreases the firing rate.

an abrupt increase; discharge frequency ramp Incr firing rate an off-switch

At the start of expiration, there is an ____ease in the activity of _____ motor neurons (Expiratory Phase _).

Incr inspiratory I

Inspiratory activity is ______ during Expiratory Phase 2. When ventilation is increased as in exercise, active stimulation of the expiratory muscles occurs only during expiratory phase ___.

completely abolished II

The Ventral Respiratory Group of Neurons (VRG) of the medullary respiration centers Has 2 divisions. Cranial division is located in the _______ Caudal division is found in ________ Functions: (a) To drive the ___________ motorneurons (primarily the _______ and ______ muscles). (b) To drive the auxiliary muscles of respiration innervated by the _____.

nucleus ambiguluus. nucleus retroambigualis. spinal respiratory ; intercostal and abdominal vagus

B) The Pontine Respiratory Centers. Made up of: (a) _______ Center. (b) ______ Center

Pneumotaxic Apneustic

The Pontine Respiratory Centers. Made up of: (a) Pneumotaxic Center. Located in the ______ (nucleus _____). Prevents arrest of respiration at ______ (______). ____eases rate of respiration. (b) Apneustic Center. Located in the _______

upper pons parabrachialis inspiration; apneusis Incr lower pons.

Apneustic Center is tonically active. T/F

Apneustic Center Inhibited by ______ center.

pneumotaxic

ROLE OF PONTINE CENTERS: To make ______ discharge of medullary neurons ______ and ____

rhythmic smooth and regular.

DESCENDING PATHWAYS (1) Axons from the cortex, DRG, VRG and pontine centers descend in the ____ matter and influence the _____,____ and _____ motorneurons of respiration. (2) Descending axons from cortex travel also in the ________ or _________ tracts. (3) Projecting axons from DRG and VRG cross the midline and descend in the _________ columns of the cord.

white phrenic, intercostal and abdominal lateral corticospinal or cortico-rubro-spinal ventro-lateral

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION Chemoreceptors are specialized receptors that transduce _____ stimuli in blood into _____ signals.

chemical nervous

There are 2 types of chemoreceptors a) The _____ Chemoreceptors (b) The _____ Chemoreceptors or Chemosensitive areas of the ______.

Peripheral Central Medulla

The Peripheral Chemoreceptors. | These are the _______ and ______

carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.

The carotid bodies: These are located (ventrally or dorsally?) at the _______ of the ______

dorsally bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

Afferent and efferent neurons run in the carotid sinus nerve and with the ___ nerve to terminate in the _____ respiratory center.

IX medullary

In man carotid bodies weighs about __ mg and is about _ mm in length. Blood flow is about ____ ml/min/100gm tissue.

10 4 2000

Due to the enormous flow through the carotid bodies chemoreceptors, O2 needs can be met largely by ________ alone.

dissolved O2

Carotid bodies chemoreceptors are stimulated by anemia and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning T/F Why for your answer

Carotid bodies chemoreceptors are not stimulated by anemia or carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning In each case amount of dissolved O2 reaching the receptors is normal although the combined O2 in blood is markedly reduced.

Carotid bodies Receptors are stimulated: (a) When arterial PO2 is ___ (b) When due to ____ the amount of O2 delivered to the receptors per unit time is _____. (c) Powerful stimulation is also produced by drugs such as ____, which prevent O2 _____ at the tissue level. (d) In sufficient doses,______ and ____ activate the receptors.

Low stasis reduced cyanide utilization; tissue nicotine and lobelline

The aortic bodies: Located mainly at the _____ | Afferent and efferent neurons run in the aortic nerves and with the ____ nerve to end in the _______ respiratory center.

arch of aorta. vagus medullary

The histology of the carotid and aortic bodies are dissimilar T/F

F They are similar

The histology of the carotid and aortic bodies are similar. They contain Type I ( _____ ) and Type II (______) cells. Type I cells are _____ in nature ,10 - 15 μm in diameter , have a ____ nucleus , organelles are also found Type II cells have a _____ nucleus and organelles.

glomus sustentacular epitheloid; rounded rounded

In histology of aortic and carotid bodies Type ___ cells surround the Type __ cells. Nerve fibres are found between Type I and Type II cells. T/F

II I T

STIMULANTS OF CHEMORECEPTORS: These are (a) (reduced or increased?) partial pressure of arterial oxygen (b) ____eased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (c) (reduced or increased? pH.

reduced Incr Reduced

THE CHEMOSENSITIVE AREAS OF MEDULLA Are specialized groups of cells located within the _______ surface of the medulla. Are sensitive to the ____ around them. Since the ECF is in contact with the ______, changes in pH of ECF can affect ____ by acting on these chemoreceptive cells.

ventro-lateral ECF cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ventilation

The CSF is a protein free fluid. | T/F

CSF is formed from blood and the ionic composition is similar to that of blood. T/F

F CSF is formed from blood but the ionic composition is not similar to that of blood.

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. Separates _____ from ____. Has (low or high?) ionic permeability

blood CSF Low

CO2 diffuses slowly across the blood brain barrier. | T/F

F Rapidly*

PCO2 in CSF parallels arterial PCO2 tension. T/F

Chemosensitive area is sensitive to changes in either P___ or [H+] and in turn excites other portions of respiratory center.

CO2

The stimulatory effect of the chemosensitive area on the respiratory system is greatest in the first ______ and declines over the next _____ This is due to _____ readjustment of [H+] back to normal.

few hours 1-2 days. renal

HYPOXIA Defined as ____ deficiency at _____ level. Can be classified into (a) ______ hypoxia (b) _______ hypoxia (c) ________ hypoxia (d) ________ hypoxia.

oxygen tissue Hypoxic; Anemic; Stagnant; Histotoxic

Hypoxic Hypoxia: Caused by: (1) A ___ease in the partial pressure (PO2) in (inspired or expired ?) air. This is seen at (high or low?) altitude or by breathing an _____-poor gas mixture. (2) ____ventilation brought about by airway _____, paralysis of respiratory muscles, depression of respiratory center with drugs like _____ or by increased airway resistance as seen in ______ or _____ (3) ———_———-diffusion block (4) Abnormal ______-____ ratio

Decr Inspired High oxygen Hypo; obstruction; morphine asthma or emphysema. Alveolar – capillary ventilation – perfusion

Alveolar – capillary diffusion block. This is seen in _____ of alveolar or pulmonary walls or pulmonary fibrosis or in cases of ___eased total area of normal alveolar membrane ( _______ ).

fibrosis Decr pneumonia

Abnormal ventilation – perfusion ratio This is seen in _______ and _______ congenital heart disease.

emphysema and cyanotic

Anemic Hypoxia | In anemic hypoxia, ________ is normal but the __________________ is reduced.

arterial PO2 amount of Hb available to carry oxygen

_______ Hypoxia is seen in carbon monoxide poisoning.

Anemic

Stagnant Hypoxia: In this case, blood flow to the tissue is ____ and adequate oxygen is not delivered to it despite a normal _____ and ________ This condition is seen in ___________ failure.

slow PO2 and Hb concentration. congestive heart

Histotoxic Hypoxia: The amount of oxygen delivered to the tissue is _____ However, the tissue cannot __________ because of the action of a ______

adequate make use of the oxygen supplied toxic agent.

______ hypoxia is seen in cyanide poisoning due to the inhibition of _______.

Histotoxic cytochrome oxidase

Cyanide is present in sometimes high concentrations in _________________ meals.

badly prepared cassava

HYPERCAPNEA This is the retention of _____ in the body. Results when the rate of CO2 ______ is greater than its ______.

carbon dioxide formation removal

HYPERCAPNEA Increased PCO2 in the body would result in respiratory (acidosis or alkalosis?) and excretion of large amounts of ______. Other effects are depression of the central nervous system, confusion, diminished sensory acuity, coma and respiratory depression.

acidosis bicarbonate

In asphyxia and drowning, _____ and ______ are present. There is ___eased respiration, BP, HR, catecholamine secretion and __ in pH. Eventually BP and HR ____ and individual dies of cardiac arrest.

hypoxia and hypercapnea Incr fall fail

DEEP SEA DIVING Ambient pressure increases by 1 Atmosphere for every ____ depth in sea water and every __ m in fresh water.

10m 10.4

_____ gears reduce hazards associated with deep sea diving

SCUBA

Problems associated with Increased Barometric Pressure O2 _____ Euphoria Lung ____ Impaired Performance Convulsions Tremors N2 _____ Somnolence

toxicity damage Narcosis

Decompression Sickness: Related to _____ of ____ ___ ascent can reduce the risk Remedy: Substitution of ___ for ___ in inhaled air.

Rate of ascent Slow He for N2

Which is more soluble and by how much Helium or nitrogen

Nitrogen is more soluble Helium is ½ as soluble as N2 in tissues and 1/7 M.W. of N2.

If ascent is rapid N2 escapes from solution _______ form in tissues and blood causing _________ Pain in ______ Itching Obstruction in (arteries or veins?)in ___ causing paralysis and respiratory failure.

Bubbles decompression sickness joints Arteries brain

HIGH ALTITUDE Results in (increased or reduced ?) barometric pressure and (increased or reduced ?) PO2 ``` Thus the following will result Hypoxic stimulation of Chemoreceptors ____ease in ventilation (increased or reduced ?) alveolar PCO2 and thus arterial PCO2 Respiratory (acidosis or alkalosis?) ```

reduced reduced Incr Reduced alkalosis

In unacclimatized subjects (at ____ ft) that breathe air the following hypoxic symptoms will result: Drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea and euphoria

12,000

Effect of increasing altitude on barometric pressure and PO2 in air

Reduces both

Acute Mountain Sickness develops ______ after arrival at altitude and lasts for _____days

8 – 24hrs 4-8

Acute mountain sickness ``` Headache Nausea and vomiting Irritability ______ Edema Insomnia ______ Edema ____lessness Decreased __________ ```

Pulmonary Cerebral Breath Mental proficiency

Acute mountain sickness Treatment ____ treatment. Rest ____ altitude ______. Avoid ______

O2 Ascend; slowly physical exertion

ACCLIMATIZATION AT LOW PO2. Due to a variety of mechanisms which include: ___ease in [2,3-DPG] leading to increase O2 delivery to tissues ___ease in erythropoetin secretion ___ease in mitochondria ____ease in myoglobin ___ease in tissue content of cytochrome oxidase

Incr Incr Incr Incr Incr Incr

NATURAL ACCLIMATIZATION OF HUMAN BEINGS LIVING AT HIGH ALTITUDE Living at altitude of 13,000 – 17,500 ft and working at ____ft (_____ Andes and ____) Natives born and live all their lives at these altitudes

19,000 Peruvian Himalayas

In a human being, acclimatization begins when??

Acclimatization begins at infancy

NATURAL ACCLIMATIZATION OF HUMAN BEINGS LIVING AT HIGH ALTITUDE Chest size is (greatly or slightly?) ___eased Body size is (greatly or slightly?) ____eased Thus, a high ratio of _____capacity to _____ Hearts are considerably (smaller or larger?) than hearts of lowlamders and therefore have ___eased cardiac output. Delivery of O2 to tissues is also highly facilitated.

Greatly; incr Slightly; decr ventilatory body mass. Largers Incr

REDUCED WORK CAPACITY AT HIGH ALTITUDE Hypoxia due to high altitude causes mental _____, ___eased work capacity in all muscles (skeletal and cardiac) Work capacity is reduced in _____ proportional to the decrease in maximum rate of oxygen uptake that the body can achieve.

depression decr direct

Some people that ascend altitude rapidly may develop acute ____ edema and acute _____ edema if not given oxygen and may ___.

cerebral pulmonary die

Cerebral edema - results from local vaso_____ of the cerebral vessels caused by ____ - leads to severe _____ and other effects related to cerebral dysfunction.

dilation hypoxia disorientation

Cause of pulmonary edema is _____.

unknown

CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS: Results from remaining at ____ altitude for _____

high too long

Characteristics of chronic mountain sickness (1) Red cell mass and hematocrit become _______. Results in ____ease in blood viscosity ___eased tissue blood flow Oxygen delivery to tissue ____eases (2) Pulmonary arterial pressure becomes (elevated or depressed?) even more than the normal (elevation or depression ?) during acclimatization (3) Right side of the heart becomes ____ (4) Peripheral arterial pressure begins to ___[ (5) ________ failure ensures (6) Death often follows if person is not removed to lower altitude. Most people recover within ____ or ____ if moved to a _____ altitude.

exceedingly high; incr; Decr; Decr Elevated; elevation greatly enlarged fall Congestive heart days or weeks lower

PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE 1. Changes In Ventilation (b) Abrupt ____ease in ventilation with onset of exercise (c) A more gradual ___ease (d) Abrupt ____ease in ventilation when exercise ceases During moderate exercise, changes in ventilation are due to: Increase in _____ (VT) of respiration Increase in ____ (f) of respiration as exercise becomes strenuous

Incr Incr Decr depth rate

Abrupt Increase in ventilation is due to: _______ Stimuli Afferents from ______ in muscles, tendons and joints The more gradual increase in ventilation Humoral: Increase in _____ (Questionable) Increase in _____ ___ease in sensitivity of respiratory centre to CO2 Increase in ____

Psychic proprioceptors [H+] temperature Incr [K+]

Physiology of exercise 2) Changes In Tissues: (A) During exercise Capillary beds (dilate or constrict ?) Previously closed capillaries ____ Mean distance from blood to tissues is ___eased thus facilitating movement of O2 from blood to cells (B) Contracting muscle uses O2 thus causing Tissue PO2 to ____ to nearly ____ (More or less ?) O2 diffuses from blood Blood PO2 ____ further and (More or less ?) O2 dissociates from _____ to ___ (3) ___ease in Temperature (4) ____ease in [2,3-DPG]

Dilate open Decr fall; zero More drops;more Hb to cells Incr Incr

At end of Exercise Abrupt ____ in ventilation ___ debt Accumulated ___ have to be removed before ventilation can return to baseline.

fall O2 H+

At the end of the exercise, the ventilation reaches baseline before accumulated hydrogen ions are removed T/F

F | It doesn’t

FATIGUE Poorly understood or phenomenon But may be due to effects of : (Acidosis or alkalosis?) on brain Muscles becoming ____ during _______ Accumulation of Substance P which stimulates ____ receptors Accumulation of interstitial fluid in muscles during _____

Acidosis ischemic; long contractions pain exertion

Resp 3,4,5,6 Flashcards

(144 cards)