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Phg 201 > Cvs 2 > Flashcards

Cvs 2 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Amount of blood received by each organ is a function of its ____

A

activity

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2
Q

___% of cardiac output goes to the kidney every minutes

The kidney is about ___g

A

25

150

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3
Q

The brain weighs about ___kg and receives ___liters per minute

A
  1. 6

0. 75

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4
Q

Blood flow in turn is regulated by the individual organ’s _______

A

vascular resistance

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5
Q

Organ vascular resistance in turn is regulated by

  • Extrinsic factors (_______)
  • Intrinsic Factors (_____ mechanisms)
A

Neurohumoral

Local regulation

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6
Q

Local regulation of blood flow

Tissue factors – act on _____ to alter ____ by either _____ or ______

A

blood vessel

resistance

relaxation or contraction.

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7
Q

Vasodilators or vasoconstrictors

  • Adenosine
  • Inorganic phosphate
  • Carbon dioxide
  • endothelin
  • Hydrogen ion
  • Potassium ion
  • increased Oxygen levels
  • EDHF
  • prostacyclin
  • nitric oxide
A

Dilators

Dilators

Dilators

Constrictors

Dilators

Dilators

Constrictor

Dilators

Dilators

Dilators

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8
Q

Smooth Muscle ( ____ ) mechanisms

  • Originate within the __________
  • An increase in intraluminal pressure leads to _____ to counter the effect of pressure increase and vice versa
  • vascular smooth muscle ____zes when stretched
A

myogenic

vascular smooth muscles (VSM)

contraction

depolari

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9
Q

Myogenic mechanisms

•Usually overridden by _____ mechanisms

A

metabolic

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10
Q

Extravascular Compression
•______ compressive forces alters _______ and consequently blood flow in organs.
•Extravascular pressure decreases the ______ pressure
•Could be both physiological or pathological
•Important in several vascular beds, e.g coronary, skeletal, pulmonary, cerebral and renal circulation.

A

Mechanical

vascular resistance

transmural

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11
Q

Autoregulation of Blood Flow
•The intrinsic ability of an organ to _____________ despite _______

•F = (____)/ __

A

maintain a constant blood flow

changes in perfusion pressure.

Pa - Pv; R

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12
Q

The flatter the plateau of autoregulatory curve the (higher or lower?) the autoregulation in such vascular bed.

A

Higher

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13
Q

_____,_____, and _____?circulations show a higher degree of autoregulation

______ and ______only show a moderate level of autoregulation

A

Coronary, cerebral and renal

Skeletal and gastrointestinal

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14
Q

Hyperemia – increase in _____ above normal level.

A

blood flow

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15
Q

Reactive HYPEREMIA–

  • (rapid or Transient?) ___ease in organ blood flow following a brief period of _____, usually due to temporary arterial occlusion
  • Lasts for ______
  • Due to ____ and build up of _____
  • Hyperemia consequently restores ___ level and _____ the metabolites
A

Transient

Incre

ischemia

several minutes

hypoxia

vasoactive metabolites

oxygen; washes out

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16
Q

Peak hyperemia is a function of the _______ of the organ

A

basal metabolic activities

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17
Q

Increased metabolic activity ___eases vascular resistance due to vaso______

A

Decr

dilation

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18
Q

Occurs during muscular exercise – _____ hyperemia
•___eased cardiac activity
•___eased mental activity
•___eased GIT activity

A

exercise or functional

Incr

Incr

Incr

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19
Q

Vascular tone reserve is very important in active hyperemia.

T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Coronary Circulation

The left coronary main artery is relatively (short or long?) in length.

•Divides into the ______ artery and ____ artery immediately after coursing behind the ____

A

Short

left anterior descending

circumflex

pulmonary trunk.

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21
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery supply blood primarily to the _____ and ____

A

left ventricle and atrium

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22
Q

Coronary circulation

Blood flow decreases during systole and increases during diastole
T/F

A

T

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23
Q

Coronary circulation exhibits (high or low ?) autoregulatory mechanisms.

A

High

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24
Q

in diseased states coronary circulation’s autoregulation is lost.

T/F

25
Mean coronary blood flow ranges from ___ml/min/100g of tissue at rest to over ___ml/min/100g tissue during exercise.
80 400
26
Coronary vasculature has a relatively high or low ?) vasodilatory reserve capacity
High
27
Coronary blood flow is primarily regulated by changes in _____.
metabolism
28
In coronary circulation, which wins? Autonomic regulation or metabolic regulation
Metabolic regulation supersedes autonomic regulation.
29
Cerebral Circulation •The brain is an highly oxidative organ, it consumes about ___% of resting total body oxygen consumption •Although it represents about __% of the total body weight it receives about __% of the CO.
20 2 15 14
30
Measurement of CBF(cerebral blood flow) •____ methods * ______ is usually the substance of choice * CBF = ___ml/min/100g. However, brain weighs about ____g * Therefore CBF = ___ml/min
Ketty’s Nitrous oxide 54 1600 750
31
Most important regulation in the cerebral circulation is ______?
Auto-regulation
32
Mechanism involved in Cardiovascular Response to Exercise •Mechanical Anticipatory __________ control ________ and _______ pumps •Metabolic ___________ in active exercising muscles •Autonomic Central command and local muscle _____ and ______ •Humoral ______ response enhanced by _____ activities •Alteration in arterial baroreceptor _____ to prevent reflex ______
Central command Abdominothoracic and muscloskeletal Local vasodilation mechano - and chemorecetors Delayed; sympathetic Reset ; bradycardia
33
CVS DURING EXERCISE INCREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT - ____ease heart rate by ___eased sympa and (reduced or increased?) para - ___ease stroke volume by ___eased CVP and inotropy and lusitropy
Incr Incr Reduced Incr; incr
34
Inotropy ______ of _____ Lusitropy Is the rate of ________
Force of muscular contraction Myocardial relaxation
35
CVS DURING EXERCISE ____ease in mean arterial pressure ____ease in pulse pressure
Incr Incr
36
CVS DURING EXERCISE INCREASE IN MAP AND PP - ___ Increases more than ____ decreases - stroke volume ____eases ___ pressure
CO; SVR Incr; pulse
37
CVS DURING EXERCISE ___ease in CVP ____ease in SVR
Incr Decr
38
CVS DURING EXERCISE INCREASE IN CVP -(sympathetic or parasympathetic?) ; muscular pump DECREASE IN SVR - metabolic vaso____ in active muscles and heart - cutaneous vaso____ (sympa) - vaso_____ in splanchnic(non active muscle) and renal (sympa)
sympathetic dilation; dilation constriction
39
During exercise despite increased HR, SV is maintained or even increased by: ____eased venous return By _________ and ____ pumps Venous (constriction or dilation?) ___eased atrial inotropy ___eased ventricular inotropy (Enhanced or depressed ?) ventricular lusitropy
Incr abdominothoracic and muscle Constriction Incr Incr Enhanced
40
During exercise despite increased HR, SV is maintained or even increased by: Concomitant (increase or reduction?) in sympathetic adrenergic ___eased sympathetic cholinergic stimulation of the cutaneous vessels influenced by ________ centers in hypothalamus
Reduction Incr thermoregulatory
41
However, the point at which increased HR begins to decrease SV varies considerably in individual according to: Age Health status Physical conditioningRE T/F
T
42
The limiting point in exercise is when increase in _______ ————— _______
HR decreases SV.
43
CVS DURING PREGNANCY Pregnancy causes significant changes in cardiovascular system as increased uterine mass and the developing fetus required ____eased blood flow. To supply this flow: CO increases by ____% - __% in the _______ trimester and ____ at _____ trimester
Incr 30; 50 1st and 2nd plateau; 3rd
44
Increased CO in the first half of pregnancy is due to an increase in ___ consequent of increased ________ about ___% increase by end of 3rd trimester Mainly due to effect of ______ on RAS
SV blood volume 50 estrogen
45
By 3rd trimester , increased CO is due to increased ___; ____ beats/min Despite increased CO, ABP generally (rises or falls?) due to disproportionate fall in ___ Caused partly by ______ changes (constricting or dilating?) blood vessels Mainly by development of (high or low?)-resistance uterine circulation
HR 10-20 falls; SVR hormonal Dilating Low
46
In pregnancy, which falls more , SP or DP With reason
DP falls more than SP because of fall in SVR.
47
In pregnancy There is ___eased Pulse Pressure
Incr
48
Pregnancy alters CV response to exercise due to: (Elevated or depressed?) CO at rest _________ of IVC _________ syndrome
Elevated Compression Supine hypotensive
49
HYPOTENSION AND HAEMORRHAGE - when systolic blood pressure is less than ___mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is less than ___mmHg - caused by ______,______, or ______
90; 60 circulatory shock, haemorrhage, dehydration
50
Hypovolemic hypotension due to hemorrhage or dehydration can be treated by ____easing blood volume via blood of fluid transfusion Occasionally accompanied by administration of (pressor or depressor?) agents e.g ___-adrenoceptor agonists
Incr Pressor alpha
51
Hypotension caused by cardiogenic shock Can be treated by | use of drugs that _____ the heart –___- adrenoceptor agonist e.g _____ or ____-dependent __ inhibitor e.g_____
stimulate beta dobutamine cAMP; phosphodiesterase; milrinone
52
Hypotension caused by septic shock can be treated with _____ agents in combination with ____ and ____
pressor fluid and antibiotics
53
KIDNEYS - ____% of body weight - ___% of CO at rest - blood flow at rest is ___ml/min/100g - max flow is ___ml/min/100g - weak __; moderate __; strong __ BRAIN - __% of body weight - __% of CO at rest - min is __ - max is ____ - weak __; strong __; strong __
0.5; 20; 400; 600 M; S; A 2; 14: 55; 150 S;A;M
54
HEART - __% of body weight - __% of CO - min is ___ - max is ___ - weak __ that is overridden by __ ; strong __; strong __
0.5 5 80 400 SM; A; M
55
SKELETAL MUSCLE - __% of body weight - __% of CO - min is __ - max is __ - moderate __; moderate __; strong __;
40 18 3 60 S ; A; M
56
SKIN - __% of body weight - __% of CO - min is __ - max is ___ - weak __; weak __; strong __
3 4 10 150 A; M; S
57
SPLANCHNIC - __% body weight - __% of CO - min is ___ - max is ___ - moderate __; moderate __; strong __
6 23 23 250 A; M ; S
58
Lithium oxide is used to????
Measure cardiac output

Phg 201 (8 decks)

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