blood

Question 1

what is the average Hematocrite (packed cell volume) ?

Answer 1

45%

Question 2

what are the ratios of plasma proteins?

Answer 2

albumin 60%
globulin 35%
fibrinogen 4%
regulatory proteins <1%

Question 3

all plasma proteins except gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) are produced in the ……….

Answer 3

liver

Question 4

The formation of blood cells which is known as …………… occurs in the bone marrow.

Answer 4

hematopoiesis

Question 5

The hormone …………… is the primary regulator of
erythropoiesis, and is released from the kidney when O2 concentration
(tension in the renal
parenchyma) is reduced

Answer 5

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 6

The maturation of red cells in the bone marrow requires 2 factors:

Answer 6

iron

essential nutrients: folic acid and vitamin B12

Question 7

In the final stage of differentiation, immature red cells are called
………………, which are characterized by the presence of organelle
remnants.

Answer 7

reticulocytes

Question 8

In Thrombopoiesis, Platelets have the following properties:

Answer 8

1)no nucleus
2)extensive cytoskeleton, which allows the shape of a platelet to
change upon activation
3)has secretory granules containing factors that regulate hemoatasis

Question 9

……………..in the bone marrow form the plateletes

Answer 9

megakaryocytes

Question 10

The rate of platelet formation is regulated by the cytokine ……………….

Answer 10

thrombopoietin

TPO

Question 11

Functions of Blood

Answer 11

protection
regulation
transport

Question 12

What forms hemoglobin A (HbA)?

Answer 12

2alpha and 2beta molecules

Question 13

What forms hemoglobin F (HbF)(for fetus; higher oxygen affinity from mother)?

Answer 13

2aplha and 2gamma

Question 14

In plasma iron must be in which form?

Answer 14

Ferric (Fe+3)

Question 15

In hemoglobin iron must be in which form

Answer 15

Ferrous (safe form)

Question 16

in deoxyhemoglobin, …….. iron configuration: less oxygen affinity
…….. iron configuration: higher oxygen affinity

Answer 16

globin units are Tense

globin units are Relaxed

Question 17

Hemoglobin+ CO2 =……..

Hemoglobin + CO=………

Answer 17

Carbaminohempglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

Question 18

When blood is being oxidized by drugs, the ferrous iron in the hemoglobin is converted to ferric iron forming ……….

Answer 18

Methemoglobin

Question 19

Give examples for the integral protein and membrane skeleton in the red cell membrane?

Answer 19

Integral protein: glycophorin-C (provides stability and shape)
Membrane skeleton: spectrin and ankyrin

Question 20

which one is more viscous, plasma or blood?

Answer 20

blood; bcz of the increased amount of particles

Question 21

what is the meaning of non-newtonian, which is a property of blood?

Answer 21

viscosity doesn’t change w/ blood flow; and the opposite goes for newtonian

Question 22

what is the difference b/w shear-thinning and shear-thickening?

Answer 22

shear-thinning (blood): when flow inc, viscosity dec

shear-thickening: when flow inc, viscosity inc

Question 23

viscosity is highly dependent on ……….

Answer 23

temperature

Question 24

blood viscosity depends on vessel diameter; capillaries with diameter …………., blood viscosity decreases, why?

Answer 24

less than 0.3mm

bcz the RBC no longer touch the vessel wall

Question 25

water based fluids, such as blood, cannot be ............ This property allows them to transmit power in fluid systems

Answer 25

compressed (or get smaller)

Question 26

static pressure describes pressure on a fluid as a result of ...............................

Answer 26

the fluid being in a container

Question 27

what is dynamic pressure caused by?

Answer 27

kinetic energy of the flow

Question 28

Static pressure+ Dynamic pressure is called as?

Answer 28

stagnation pressure

Question 29

static pressure is the result of ....................

Answer 29

constraining a fluid

Question 30

distribution of applied force over the fluid's surface, flow moves from ...... to .......

Answer 30

high to low pressure/ potential energy

Question 31

blood cells begin their lives in the bone marrow from a single type of cell called the ...............

Answer 31

pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell

Question 32

............. is the primary fuel for for RBC

Answer 32

glucose

Question 33

........... protein doesn't require insulin (Glucose entry into the red cells occurs easily by facilitated diffusion, which is independent of insulin action.)

Answer 33

Glut1

Question 34

what is the job of Carbonic anhydrase ?

Answer 34

catalizes the rxn b/w water and carbon dioxide. allowing water to carry CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ion

Question 35

These proteins allow red cells to participate in wide range of functions including antigenic determination and cellular metabolism. ..............is the major anion-exchanger (chloride-bicarbonate exchange) and also regulates metabolic pathways by sequestering key enzymes like enzymes of glycolytic pathways.

Answer 35

Band-3

Question 36

.................constitute more than 60% of negative surface charge of red cells; they modulate interaction between red cells and interaction of red cells to endothelium.

Answer 36

Glycophorins

Question 37

............ is the most abundant skeletal protein and constitutes 75% of the mass of membrane skeleton.  is composed of two subunits: α and β. They form flexible rod like structure.  maintains cellular shape, provide structural support to membrane lipid bilayer and regulate lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins.  defect in association of αβ heterodimers results in hereditary elliptocytosis and poikilocytosis.

Answer 37

spectrin

Question 38

.................. (is an asymmetric polar protein that provides primary linkage between membrane skeleton and lipid bilayer.)  Disruption of this linkage decreases membrane stability. (Abnormalities of this protein are the most common causes of hereditary spherocytosis)

Answer 38

ankyrin

Question 39

name the type of fragility: 1)Lysis of red cells on exposure to different osmotic solutions is called .............. 2)When red cells pass through capillaries and splenic pulp, their membrane undergoes mechanical stress:..........

Answer 39

1) osmotic fragility | 2) mechanical fragility

Question 40

hemoglobin binds to one O2 ...........?

Answer 40

molecule, not atom

Question 41

Heme is a porphyrin ring complex that includes one atom of ................ iron.

Answer 41

ferrous

Question 42

O2 binds to .......... part of hemoglobin to form ..........

Answer 42

ferrous (Fe+2) to form Oxyhemoglobin

Question 43

hemoglobin+O2=............ | iron+O2=.........

Answer 43

oxygenation | ferric(damages)

Question 44

The .............. structure of hemoglobin determines its affinity for O2 .

Answer 44

quaternary

Question 45

CO2 combines with which part of hemoglobin?

Answer 45

globin

Question 46

In sulfhemoglobin, the iron is in ........... state, but oxygen affinity is about ............... than the normal Hb.

Answer 46

ferrous | 100 times lower

Question 47

which hormonal factor inhibits erythropoiesis?

Answer 47

estrogen

Question 48

what is the form of transportation of iron in plasma?

Answer 48

(apotransferrin+iron=) Transferrin

Question 49

what is the form of storage of iron?

Answer 49

1) Haemosiderin (insoluble form of iron) | 2) Ferritin (apoferritin+iron)

Question 50

• non-heme iron structure: →................. • heme iron structure : →...............

Answer 50

Fe+3 | Fe+2

Question 51

what is the job of Ferroportin protein

Answer 51

→Ferroportin is the major iron export protein located on the cell surface of enterocytes (ferrous form).capable of releasing iron from enterocytes into plasma(ferric form) for transport by transferrin. →Increases iron levels

Question 52

what is the job of Hepsidine protein

Answer 52

→released in response to increase of iron lvl →inhibits Ferroportin to stop iron to go to plasma →formed in liver →if Hepsidine inc. too much , leads to iron deficiency

Question 53

how does excretion of dead RBC works?

Answer 53

spleen destroys old RBC and converts Hb to →bilirubin→bile→urine

Question 54

Destruction of red cells in circulation releases Hb into plasma. → In plasma, Hb binds with ................. → The Hb-"" complex is transported to liver, where the heme of Hb is converted to iron and biliverdin by heme oxygenase. → .......... is released

Answer 54

haptoglobin | CO

Question 55

Two important changes occur in RBC that make them vulnerable to mechanical destruction or phagocytosis by macrophages:

Answer 55

1)Decreased deformability due to change in shape 2)increased internal viscosity (as occurs in sickle cell or Hb-C disease), make the red cells vulnerable to lysis while passing through the splenic pulp.

Question 56

liver stores excess Fe as .........

Answer 56

ferritin

Question 57

``` Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) is the amount of hemoglobin in a volume of .......... ```

Answer 57

blood

Question 58

.................. is the ratio of the volume | of red cells to the volume of whole blood.

Answer 58

Hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume (PCV)

Question 59

Red cell count (RBC) is the number of red cells per ........(amount) of blood.

Answer 59

liter

Question 60

The average size of a red blood cell is described using the ................., which is the average volume of a single red cell expressed in femtoliters it is calculated by dividing the hematocrit by RBC.

Answer 60

mean cell volume (MCV)

Question 61

MCV .......fL indicates that red cells are large (macrocytosis).

Answer 61

80 - 100

Question 62

deficiency in B12 or folic acids causes protein synthesis to continue but without DNA and results in ............

Answer 62

macrocytosis

Question 63

what results from low/high mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Answer 63

Low MHC and MCHC cause pale hypochromic cells. High MHC and MCHC result in more intensely colored hyperchromic cells.

Question 64

Red cells have the property of rouleaux (piling one on the other) formation. The rate at which the red cells fall, is known as the

Answer 64

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Question 65

what does it indicate if someone has an increases Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?

Answer 65

An anemic individual would appear to have an increased ESR.

Question 66

does albumin increase ESR?

Answer 66

no

Question 67

does increasing levels of plasma proteins increase ESR?

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

what are the 3 factors that affect ESR?

Answer 68

1) plasma's protein compostition 2) erythrocyte size and shape 3) erythrocyte concentration

Question 69

the ...........the erythrocyte concentration, the ...........the ESR (erythrocyte concentration is indirectly proportional to ESR)

Answer 69

higher | lower