pathology

Question 1

Increased levels of small LDL are associated with an increased risk of …………..

Answer 1

atherosclerosis

Question 2

Levels of small LDL are increased in diets that are high in ……………….

Answer 2

carbohydrates.

Question 3

……………. falsely lower the calculated LDL by increasing diet-derived TG;
therefore, fasting is required for an accurate calculated LDL.

Answer 3

Chylomicrons(TG)

Question 4

Functions of HDL?

Answer 4

Often called the “good cholesterol” because it delivers cholesterol to the liver and removes cholesterol
from atherosclerotic plaques

Question 5

what is Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 5

Thickening/hardening and loss of elasticity of medium or large arterial walls due to dystrophic calcification in the wall of muscular arteries

Question 6

what is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

Result of endothelial injury to muscular and elastic arteries (sometimes veins)
leading to the development/accumulation of raised, yellow plaques that contain leukocytes, foam cells, smooth muscle cells, and necrotic debris

Question 7

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by progressive …………….dysfunction,

Answer 7

cardiac dilation and contractile (systolic)

Question 8

what is endocarditis?

Answer 8

fatal (bacterial) infection of the inner lining of the heart (the endocardium) and valves

Question 9

meaning of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 9

difficulty for the heart to pump

Question 10

what is myocarditis?

Answer 10

infection of the myocardium layer of the heart by a virus mainly

Question 11

what infection may cause dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 11

coxsackievirus B and other enteroviruses

Question 12

what unit of the heart is hypertrophic, stretched and is irregular during dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 12

myocytes

Question 13

what is genetically mutated in dilated cardiomyopathy vs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 13

Dilated: cytoskeleton, sarcomere, mitochondrial ATP, cell membrane.
Hypertrophic: sarcomere (Beta-myosin)

Question 14

what’s the difference between hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 14

the heart is inflated/enlarged (thus restricting the contractility action) in dilated cardiomyopathy, while in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart’s ventricular cell wall is thickened (thus restricting the filling)

Question 15

what’s the causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 15

100% genetical mutation in sarcomere proteins

Question 16

amyloid deposition may cause …………

Answer 16

ventricular stiffness

Question 17

anterior mitral valve is usually affected in which cardiomyopathy?

Answer 17

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 18

the contractile (systolic) function of the left ventricle usually is unaffected in which cardiomyopathy?

Answer 18

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 19

what are the factors that influence the occurrence of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 19

Endomyocardial fibrosis
Loeffler endomyocarditis
Amyloidosis

Question 20

Amyloidosis is the accumulation of ………….?

Answer 20

insoluble

β-pleated sheets

Question 21

Which heart disorder does chagas disease(T.Cruzi) cause?

Answer 21

Myocarditis

Question 22

Myocarditis can evolve to …..

Answer 22

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 23

A woman had Anthracycline toxicity, what disease may be caused by this cardio toxic drug?

Answer 23

Myocarditis

Question 24

A patient’s blood test resulted with an iron overload in the heart, what disease may occur in this patient?

Answer 24

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 25

Systolic function is normal in which cardiomyopathies?

Answer 25

Hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 26

Which cardiomyopathy is an autosomal dominant disorder?

Answer 26

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 27

What occurs to the myofilaments (sarcomere) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 27

Increase myofilament function which causes myocyte hypercontractility,