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BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

the cardiovascular system includes

A

the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

the cardiovascular system is a major transportation system for

A

-substances we need for the external environment
-substance we need to eliminate through wastes
-substances we synthesize that need delivery to other organs

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3
Q

the functions of bloods is

A

-transports dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
-regulates pH and ion makeup of interstitial fluids
-restricts fluid loss at injury sites
-defends against toxins and pathogens
-stabilizes body temperature

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4
Q

composition of blood

A

a liquid connective tissue made of plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

human blood temperature is ___, a little _____ body temperature

A

38 C, above

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6
Q

blood is five times more viscous than water

A

this is caused by plasma proteins, formed elements

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7
Q

viscosity refers to

A

thickness and stickiness

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8
Q

pH is slightly alkaline in a range of

A

7.35 - 7.45

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9
Q

plasma and interstitial fluid makes up most of

A

ECF

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10
Q

plasma contains

A

plasma proteins, hormones, nutrients, gases, and water

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11
Q

three major types of plasma proteins are

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

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12
Q

albumins

A

-most abundant
-maintains osmotic pressure of plasma

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13
Q

globulins

A

acts as transport proteins and antibodies

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14
Q

fibrinogen

A

functions in blood clotting, converting to fibrin

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15
Q

plasma minus the clotting proteins like fibrinogen is called

A

serum

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16
Q

90 percent of plasma proteins are synthesized by

A

liver

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17
Q

blood contains

A

plasma and formed elements

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18
Q

plasma(55%, 46%-63%) contains

A

plasma proteins, water, and other solutes

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19
Q

formed elements(45%, 37%-54%) contains

A

platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells

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20
Q

red blood cells are also called

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

RBSs

A

-make up 99.9 percent of formed elements
-measured in red blood cell count /micrometer
-measured as a percentage of whole blood
-contains pigment molecule such as hemoglobin or hemocyanin

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22
Q

men has

A

5.4 million /microliter of RBCs

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23
Q

women have

A

4.8 million /microliter of RBCs

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24
Q

hematocrit in men is

A

46 percent

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25
Q

hematocrit in women is

A

42 percent

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26
Q

RBCs function

A

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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27
Q

structure of mammal RBCs

A

-unique biconcave shape provides advantages
-increased surface area increases rate of diffusion
-increases flexibility to squeeze through narrow capillaries
-during RBC formation organelles are lost
-cannot go through cell division
-can only rely on glucose from plasma for energy

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28
Q

structure of reptile and bird RBCs

A

-Different selective pressures resulted in different characteristics
-Cells are nucleated and not biconcave
-Cells are elliptical rather than round
-Oxygen carrying capacity is generally higher than mammals in birds, lower than mammals in nonavian reptiles

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29
Q

hemoglobin abbreviation is

A

Hb

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30
Q

hemoglobin is 95% of all

A

RBC intracellur proteins

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31
Q

hemoglobin transports

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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32
Q

hemoglobin composed of two pairs of _________, called ________

A

globular proteins, called subunits

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33
Q

subunits contains

A

heme, with an iron atom

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34
Q

oxygen binds to ______, carbon dioxide binds to the ______

A

heme, globular subunits

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35
Q

O2- heme bond is

A

fairly weak

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36
Q

high plasma O2

A

-causes hemoglobin to O2 until saturated
-occurs as blood circulated through lung capillaries

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37
Q

low plasma O2 and high CO2

A

-causes hemoglobin to release O2
-occurs as blood circulating through systemic capillaries

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38
Q

anemia is

A

a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity
-iron deficiency, pernicious, other types

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39
Q

anemia is cause by

A

low hematocrit
low hemoglobin content in RBCs

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40
Q

anemia symptoms include

A

muscle fatigue and weakness
lack of energy in general

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41
Q

if RBCs hemolyze in bloodstream

A

Hb breaks down in blood

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42
Q

kidneys filter out Hb

A

if a lot of RBCs rupture at once it causes hemoglobinuria, indicated by reddish-brown urine

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43
Q

most RBCs are phagocytized in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

A

Hb components are recycled

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44
Q

three steps of hemoglobin recycling

A
  1. Globular proteins are broken into amino acids
  2. Heme is stripped of iron, converted to biliverdin
    -Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, orange-yellow
    -Liver absorbs bilirubin, it becomes part of bile
    -If not put into bile, tissues become yellow, jaundiced
    3.Iron can be stored or released into blood to bind with transferrin
45
Q

stages of erythropoiesis also called

A

RBC formation

46
Q

embryonic cells differentiate into multipotent stem cells called

A

hemocytoblasts

47
Q

erythropoiesis occurs in

A

red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue

48
Q

hemocytoblasts produce

A

myeloid stem cells

49
Q

erythroblasts are

A

immature and are synthesizing Hb

50
Q

regulation of erythropoiesis

A

requires amino acids, iron, and B vitamins
stimulated by low tissue oxygen, called hypoxia

51
Q

kidney hypoxia triggers release of erythropoietin

A

-when blood flow to kidney decreases
-when anemia occurs
-when oxygen content of air declines
-when damage to respiratory membrane occurs

52
Q

erythropoietin(EPO) are

A

target tissue is myeloid stem cell tissue

53
Q

EPO

A

-stimulated increase in cell division
-speeds up rate of maturation of RBCs
-essential for patients recovering from blood loss
-EPO infusions can help cancer patients recover from RBC loss of chemotherapy

54
Q

ABO blood types and Rh system

A

based on antigen-antibody responses
your surface antigens are considered normal, not foreign, and will not trigger an immune response

55
Q

antigens or agglutinogens

A

are substances that can trigger an immune response

56
Q

presence or absence of antigens on membrane on RBC determines

A

blood type

57
Q

three major human antigens are

A

A,B, Rh

58
Q

type A blood has only antigen

A

A

59
Q

type B blood has only antigen

A

B

60
Q

type AB blood has both antigen

A

A and B

61
Q

type O blood has neither antigen

A

A nor B

62
Q

Rh positive notation indicated

A

the presence of the Rh antigen, Rh negative, the absence of it

63
Q

antibodies also called agglutinins

A

found in plasma, will not attack your own antigens on your RBCs
will attack foreign antigens of different blood type

64
Q

type A blood contains

A

anti-B antibodies

65
Q

type B blood contains

A

anti-A antibodies

66
Q

type AB contains

A

neither antibodies

67
Q

type O blood contains

A

both antibodies

68
Q

cross-reactions in transfusions

A

-occurs when antibodies in recipient react with their specific antigen on donor’s RBCs
-cause agglutination or clumping of RBCs
-referred to as cross-reactions or transfusion reactions
-checking blood types before transfusions ensures compatibility

69
Q

anti-A or anti-B antibodies

A

spontaneously develop during first six months of life
no exposure to foreign antigens needed

70
Q

anti-Rh antibodies in Rh negative person

A

do not develop unless individual is exposed to Rh positive blood
exposure can occur accidentally, during a transfusion or during childbirth

71
Q

WBCs

A

larger than RBCs, involved in immune responses
contains nucleus and other organelles and lack hemoglobin

72
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils(mammals), heterophils, azurophils (reptiles)

73
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

74
Q

four characteristics of WBCs

A
  1. all are capable of amoeboid movement
  2. all can migrate outside of bloodstream through diapedsis
  3. all are attached to specific chemical stimuli, referred to as positive chemotaxis, guiding them to pathogens
  4. neutrophils, heterophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are phagocytes
75
Q

types of WBCs

A

granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes

76
Q

granulocytes and monocytes

A

respond to any threat
are part of the nonspecific immune response

77
Q

lymphocytes

A

respond to specific, individual pathogens
are responsible for specific immune response

78
Q

neutrophils

A

-makes up 50-70 percent of circulating WBCs in mammals
-usually first WBC to arrive at injury
-phagocytic, attacking and digesting bacteria
-numbers increase during acute bacterial infections

79
Q

eosinophils

A

-make up 2-4 percent of circulating WBCs in mammals
-similar in size to neutrophils
-are phagocytic, but also attack through exocytosis of toxic compounds
-numbers increase during parasitic infection or allergic reactions

80
Q

basophils

A

-somewhat smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils
-rare, less than 1 percent of circulating WBCs
-granules

81
Q

granules contain

A

heparin and histamine

82
Q

anticoagulant

A

heparin

83
Q

inflammatory compound

A

histamine

84
Q

heterophils

A

-large, common phagocytes
-may be most common WBC type in some reptiles

85
Q

azurophils

A

-bluish, comparable in size to heterophils
-around 5% of WBCs in reptiles
-increase in number during bacterial infection and necrosis
-function not definitively known

86
Q

monocytes

A

-about twice the size of RBC with a large, kidney bean-shaped nucleus
-usually 2-8 percent of circulating WBCs
-migrate into tissues and become macropahages
-aggressive phagosytes

87
Q

lymphocytes

A

-slightly larger than typically RBC with nucleus taking up most of cell
-about 20-40 percent of circulating WBCs
-large numbers are migrating in and out of tissues and lymphatics
-some attack foreign cells, others secrete antibodies into circulation

88
Q

the differential WBC count

A

counting the numbers of the five unique WBCs of a stained blood smear, called a differential count

89
Q

change in numbers or percentage is diagnostic, three types

A

leukopenia, leukocytosis, and leukemia

90
Q

leukopenia

A

is a reduction in total WBCs

91
Q

leukocytosis

A

is excessive numbers of WBCs

92
Q

leukemia

A

is an extremely high WBC count and is a cancer of blood-forming tissues

93
Q

WBC formation

A

derived from hemocytoblasts
regulated by colony-stimulating factors, thymosins

94
Q

produce lymphoid stem cells

A

differentiate into lymphocytes, called lymphopoiesis
migrate from bone marrow to lymphatic tissues

95
Q

produce myeloid stem cells

A

differentiate into all other formed elements

96
Q

platelets also known as thrombocytes

A

cell fragments involved in prevention of blood loss
contains granules of chemicals
normal count is 150,000-500,000 /microliter

97
Q

hemocytoblasts differentiate into

A

megakaryocytes

98
Q

platelets granules of chemicals which

A

initiate clotting process and aid in closing tears in blood vessels

99
Q

low count of platelets is called

A

thrombocytopenia

100
Q

three phases of hemostasis are

A

vascular, platelet, and coagulation phase

101
Q

hemostasis function

A

halts bleeding and prevents blood loss

102
Q

the vascular phase

A

-blood vessels contain smooth muscle lined with endothelium
-damage causes decrease in vessel diameter
-endothelial cells become sticky
-a vascular spasm of smooth muscle occurs

103
Q

the platelet phase

A

-platelets attach to sticky endothelium and exposed collagen
-more platelets arrive and stick to each other forming a platelet plug
-may be enough to close a small break

104
Q

the coagulation phase also called blood clotting

A

-a chemical cascade of reactions that leads to fibrinogen being converted to fibrin
-fibrin mesh grows, trapping cells and more platelets forming a blood clot

105
Q

the common pathway of blood clotting

A

begins when enzymes from either extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor X

106
Q

Factor X

A

forms enzyme prothrombinase
which converts prothrombin into thrombin
which converts fibrinogen into fibrin
and stimulates tissue factor and platelet factors
positive feedback loop rapidly prevents blood loss

107
Q

clot retraction and removal

A

-fibrin network traps platelets and RBCs
-platelets contract, pulling tissue close together in clot retraction
during repair of tissue, clot dissolves through fibrinolysis

108
Q

plasminogen is activated by

A

thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio (8 decks)

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