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BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio > The Animal Body Basic Form And Function > Flashcards

The Animal Body Basic Form And Function Flashcards

1
Q

Common functions of all living things are?

A

responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, metabolism

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2
Q

responsiveness

A

an organism change in response to its environment

*longer-term change is called adaptation

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3
Q

growth

A

an increase in size, number of cells, complexity of cells, or all three
*the process of developing a variety of cells is called differentiation

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4
Q

reproduction

A

creation of new generations of similar organisms

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5
Q

movement

A

ability to transport things within the internal environment of the organism
ability to transport the organism through the external envirnoment

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6
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of all the chemical reactions in the organism
uses resources absorbed from the environment
uses respiration for cellular production of energy
organism excretes any waste products left over from the chemical reactions

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7
Q

what is anatomy

A

it is the structure of things or how things are built, form

  • specifics of:
  • where things are
  • what they are made of
  • physical relationships between parts
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8
Q

the word anatomy means…

A

“a cutting open”

anatemno “I cut apart”

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9
Q

what is physiology

A

the function of the anatomical structures
*specifics of:
how structures, organs, and systems work separately and together

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10
Q

what is the level of organizations

A

chemical levels, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

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11
Q

chemical level

A

atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
atoms combine to form molecules
molecular shape defines function

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12
Q

cellular level

A

combination of molecules, atoms, and organelles to perform a specific function in a cell

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13
Q

tissue level

A

a collection of cells working together to perform a specific function

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14
Q

organ level

A

two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

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15
Q

organ system level

A

two or more organs working together to perform specific functions

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16
Q

organism level

A

multiple organ systems working together to maintain health

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17
Q

what are the vertebrate organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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18
Q

what does the integumentary system do

A

it protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

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19
Q

what does the skeletal system do

A

it provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

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20
Q

what does the muscular system do

A

it allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat

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21
Q

what does the nervous system do

A

it directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

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22
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

it directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

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23
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do

A

it transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

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24
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

it defends against infection and disease; returns to tissue fluid to the bloodstream

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25
what does the respiratory system do
it delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
26
what does the digestive system do
it processes food and absorbs nutrients
27
what does the urinary system do
it eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
28
what does the female reproductive system do
it produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth
29
what does the male reproductive system do
it produces sex cells and hormones
30
what is homeostasis
it is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment * "relatively stable" means there are variations * dynamic equilibrium it is the result of interdependence of organ systems functioning together
31
what is homeostasis regulation
it is the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
32
a typical homeostasis feedback loop contains...
a receptor that receives a stimulus a control center that processes and integrates information from the receptor an effector that responds to the control center to change the body's response
33
what is negative feedback
corrects deviations from normal *most common form of feedback loop variations from the norm that are increases are brought back down variations from the norm that are decreases are brought back up
34
example of negative feedback loop: thermoregulation | If your body temperature drops too low?
The brain sends signals to skeletal muscles to start shivering and to blood vessels in the skin to constrict Temperature rises
35
example of negative feedback loop: thermoregulation | If your body temperature drops too high?
The brain sends a message to the skin to dilate blood vessels and sweat Temperature lowers
36
what is positive feedback
reinforces or exaggerates deviations from normal variations from the norm that are increases are further increased variations from the norm that are decreases are further decreased positive feedback mechanisms are relatively rare and must be controlled by an independent "off switch"
37
example of positive feedback loop: uterine contractions | release of hormone oxytocin
triggered by pressure against inside of cervix causes contractions of muscles of the uterine wall contractions push child against inside of cervix, continuing the feedback cycle
38
what is primary medical terminology
it describes body regions, anatomical positions, and directions, and body sections - surface anatomy - sectional anatomy
39
what is anatomical position
hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together - supine (face up) - prone (face down)
40
what is anatomical regions
two methods to map the surface of abdomen and pelvis - abdominopelvic quadrants - abdominopelvic regions
41
what are the abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quadrant I left upper quadrant | right lower quadrant I left lower quadrant
42
what are the abdominopelvic regions
``` right hypochondriac region right lumbar region right inguinal region epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric(pubic) region left hypochondriac region left lumbar region left inguinal region ```
43
what is anatomical directions
provides an orientation of structure relative to anatomical position left an right always refer to the left and right rides of the subject, not the observer
44
cranial(towards the head)
caudal(towards the tail)
45
dorsal(towards the back/spine side)
ventral(towards the front side stomach)
46
superior(above)
inferior(under)
47
anterior(behind)
posterior(in front)
48
medial(middle/towards the middle)
lateral(side/away from the midline)
49
proximal(closer)
distal(distance/away)
50
superficial(shallow/close to the skin)
deep(closer to the middle/inside)
51
central(brain and spinal cord/middle)
peripheral(nerves/edges)
52
ipsilateral(same side)
contralateral(opposite side)
53
what is sectional anatomy
a "slice" through the body in three primary sectional planes
54
types of sectional anatomy
transverse, frantal, and sagittal plane
55
transverse plane ("cross section")
divides body into "head" and "tail" portions
56
frontal plane (or coronal plane)
divides body into "belly" and "back" portions
57
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right portions
58
what do body cavities do
protect internal organs allow organs to change shape *dorsal and ventral cavities exist
59
what do dorsal cavity(found in the verterbrates) typically contains
neural tissue
60
what does ventral cavity contains
viscera(internal organs)
61
viscera are organs of...
the respitory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
62
cavities are lined by...
parietal layer
63
organs are enclosed(visceral layer) by...
serous membranes
64
what are the two parts that divide the ventral cavity? | *body cavities are often subdivided into smaller cavities
- thoracic cavity | - abdominopelvic cavity
65
what are the three internal chambers in the thoracic cavity
``` one pericardial(middle) cavity and two pleural(side) -each cavity is defined by a serous membrane ```
66
pericardial cavity
Contains the heart Defined by a serous membrane called the pericardium Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart Parietal pericardium(lines the heart) is the outer layer Between the two layers is serous fluid to reduce friction
67
pleural cavity
Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity Serous membrane is the pleura Visceral pleura is the layer covering the lung Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the chest wall
68
abdominopelvic cavity
Subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity Contains the peritoneal cavity, lined with a serous membrane called the peritoneum Visceral peritoneum covers internal organs Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of body wall

BIO 203 Vertebrate Anatomy Physio (8 decks)

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