Blood

Question 1

What is the typical composition of blood (plasma and formed elements)?

Answer 1

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

Question 2

What is the composition of plasma?

Answer 2

7% proteins, 2% other solutes, and 91% water

Question 3

What is the composition of the proteins in plasma

Answer 3

58% albumins, 38% globulins, and 4% fibrinogen

Question 4

Where is albumin produced? What does it do?

Answer 4

It is produced in the liver and functions to draw water into the blood

Question 5

Where is globulin produced? What is its function?

Answer 5

It is produced by white blood cells and it functions to transport vitamins, minerals, hormones, fats, and clotting factors.

Question 6

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Answer 6

It creates fibrin

Question 7

What is the function of fibrin?

Answer 7

It creates plugs with platelets and white cells

Question 8

What are platelets?

Answer 8

Fragments of cells that contain substance for clotting surrounded by plasma membrane

Question 9

What are the six types of white blood cells? What are their relative percentages?

Answer 9

Neutrophils (60-70%), lymphocytes (20-25%), monocytes (3-8%), eosinophils (2-4%), and basophils (0.5-1%)

Question 10

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 10

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Question 11

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 11

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 12

What is the word for the formation of formed elements?

Answer 12

Hematopoiesis

Question 13

What does a hemocytoblast need to bind to to make a red blood cell? Where is that made?

Answer 13

Erythropoietin from the kidneys

Question 14

What does a hemocytoblast need to bind to to make a white blood cell? Where is that made?

Answer 14

Colony stimulating factor from the bone marrow and white blood cells

Question 15

Where are hemocytoblasts made?

Answer 15

The red bone marrow

Question 16

What does a hemocytoblast need to bind to to make a platelet? Where is that made?

Answer 16

Thrombopoietin which is made in the liver

Question 17

What percentage of formed elements is made up of RBCs

Answer 17

95%

Question 18

What is the average hematocrit for men? Women?

Answer 18

42-52 for men and 37-47 for women

Question 19

What is the structure of a RBC?

Answer 19

Each RBC is like a bag filled with 250 million hemoglobin molecules

Question 20

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 20

Each hemoglobin is made up of 4 heme molecules

Question 21

How many O2 molecules can each heme bind?

Answer 21

1

Question 22

How does hemoglobin react in areas of high and low O2?

Answer 22

In areas with low O2 oxygen is more likely to be released, the opposite is true in areas with high O2

Question 23

What are the ingredients for RBCs?

Answer 23

Iron, Protein, B12, and Folic Acid

Question 24

How are the components in RBCs recycled?

Answer 24

The proteins are broken down into amino acids | Heme is broken into iron and bilirubin which is recycled directly

Question 25

How long does a RBC last?

Answer 25

110-120 days

Question 26

How many RBCs are created and destroyed in a day?

Answer 26

20-25 million

Question 27

What does anemia mean?

Answer 27

Anemia is an issue were blood becomes ineffective and can be caused in many different ways including low #, irregular shape, and low iron which leads to low hemoglobin

Question 28

What are some major symptoms of anemia

Answer 28

Fatigue, cold, shortness of breath, dizziness

Question 29

What are some types of iron deficiency?

Answer 29

Iron deficiency, folate deficiency, pernicious (Vit B12 or intrinsic factor), sickle cell, hemorrhagic

Question 30

What is erythrocytosis?

Answer 30

Too many red blood cells - 80% hematocrit

Question 31

What is the problem with erythrocytosis?

Answer 31

Blood becomes viscous increasing stress on the heart which can lead to a heart attack

Question 32

What causes primary erythrocytosis?

Answer 32

Abnormality in the red bone marrow increases the production of RBCs

Question 33

What causes secondary erythrocytosis?

Answer 33

Increase in erythropoietin either because of an abnormality or doping.

Question 34

What are the main characteristics of leukocytes?

Answer 34

They perform chemotaxis (follow chemical signals), diapedesis (squeeze through vessel walls), and have ameboid movement

Question 35

What are some features/qualities of neutrophils?

Answer 35

Secrete neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) Secrete anti-microbial compounds Good at phagocytosis First to arrive at the location Multi-lobed nucleus (2-5)

Question 36

What are some features/qualities of basophils?

Answer 36

Secrete inflammatory compounds (histamines) and cause inflammation pain

Question 37

What are some features/qualities of eosinophils?

Answer 37

Bilobed nucleus Bright red granules Anti-parasitic Secrete anti-inflammatory compounds battling with basophils They don't secrete anti-inflammatory compounds in the lungs (eosinophilic asthma)

Question 38

What are the three kinds of lymphocytes?

Answer 38

B-cells T-cells (helper T and cytotoxic T)

Question 39

How can lymphocytes be identified?

Answer 39

They have a single large nucleus and are agranular

Question 40

What do B cell do?

Answer 40

They are antibody factories that stimulate an immune response

Question 41

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 41

Destroys specific bacteria/virus/unhealthy (cancer) cells

Question 42

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 42

They activate B cells and toxic T cells

Question 43

What is the unique about monoxytes?

Answer 43

They are the largest WBC They become macrophages when in tissue They have a kidney bean nucleus The love phagocytosis They are fashionably late They phagocytize large things

Question 44

What is the pneumonic for the white blood cells?

Answer 44

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Question 45

Where are leukocytes made?

Answer 45

They are made in the red bone marrow but are activated in the spleen (giant lymph nodes) and lymph nodes

Question 46

What is leukemia?

Answer 46

Excess white blood cells which are immature and incapable of mobilizing an immune response

Question 47

What does leukemia cause?

Answer 47

It decreases the RBC count --> Anemia It decreases platelets --> Hemorrhaging

Question 48

What is DIV?

Answer 48

Irregular internal clotting caused by trauma, bacterial toxins, or venoms

Question 49

What clotting factor does hemophilia type A not have?

Answer 49

8

Question 50

What clotting factor does hemophilia type B not have?

Answer 50

9

Question 51

What is Von Willebrand's disease?

Answer 51

Irregular Von Willebrand factor preventing platelets from sticking to the wound

Question 52

What causes thrombocytopenia?

Answer 52

Too few platelets

Question 53

Why is vitamin K insufficiency a problem?

Answer 53

It is needed to make most of the clotting factors