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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

In a single drop of blood what cells are found most often which cells are found less?

A
  1. Red Blood cells (RBCs)
  2. Platelets
  3. White Blood cells (WBCs)
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2
Q

Why is blood important for life?

A
  • Blood carries nutrients, wastes, and gases
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3
Q

What is blood?

A
  • Blood is a connective tissue that transports substances in the body
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4
Q

What does the blood transport?

A
  • Hormones, wastes, body heat and nutrients
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5
Q

Blood is not an evenly mixed substance what is this called?

A
  • Homogenous
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6
Q

What is blood made of?

A
  • Living blood cells suspended in a fluid
    • it is composed of:
    • RBCs or erythrocytes
    • Plasma
    • WBCs or leukocytes
    • Platelets
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7
Q

how many types of WBCs are there?

A
  • 5 different types
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8
Q

spinning down the blood causes what to separate?

A
  • RBCs
  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat (WBCs)
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9
Q

how much of blood is plasma?

A
  • about 55%
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10
Q

How much of plasma is water? What does plasma do?

A
  • 90% of plasma volume
  • solvent for carrying other substances, also suspends substances
  • absorbs heat
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11
Q

What salts are found in blood?

A
  1. Sodium (cation)
  2. Potassium (cation)
  3. Calcium (cation)
  4. Magnesium (cation)
  5. Chloride (anion)
  6. Bicarbonate (anion)
  7. Phosphate (anion)
  8. Sulfate (anion)
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12
Q

Why are salts in the blood? What do they do?

A
  • Osmotic balance
  • pH buffering
  • regulation of membrane permeability
  • Water balance
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13
Q

What proteins are present in blood? and what do they do?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Globulins
  • Help to control osmotic pressure
  • maintain water balance in blood and tissues
  • pH buffering
  • assist in clotting of blood
  • Defense (antibodies)
  • Lipid transport
  • enzymatic
  • 8% of plasma weight
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14
Q

What specific substances are transported by the blood?

A
  • Nutrients; glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins.
  • Waste Products of metabolism; urea and uric acid
  • Respiratory gases; O2 and CO2
  • Hormones; steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins
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15
Q

What carries steroid and thyroid hormone through the blood?

A
  • plasma proteins
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16
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) function?

A
  • Transport O2 and help transport CO2
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17
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) function?

A
  • Defense and immunity
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18
Q

What are they types of WBCs?

A
  1. Basophil
  2. Eosinphil
  3. Neutrophil
  4. Lymphocyte
  5. Monocyte
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19
Q

What WBC is this? What does it do?

A
  • Basophil
  • multi/bilobed nucleus
  • granules in cytoplasm
  • Increases with allergic reactions
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20
Q

What WBC is this? What does it do?

A
  • Eosinophil
  • a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.
  • Lobed horshoe shaped nuclei
  • Increase with parasitic infections
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21
Q

What WBC is this and what does it do?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Increase during acute infection
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22
Q

What WBC is this and what does it do?

A
  • Lymphocyte
  • a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.
  • Increase with viral infection

*

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23
Q

What is this WBC and what does it do?

A
  • Monocyte
  • a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm.
  • long term “clean up” team, found with chronic infections (tuberculosis)
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24
Q

What is a platelet? What do blood platelets do?

A
  • A cell fragment
  • Aid in blood clotting by sticking together
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25
Albumin (blood)
* 60% of plasma proteins are * Produced by the liver * main contributor to osmotic pressure
26
Globulins
* 36% of plasma proteins are
27
Alpha and Beta proteins
* Produced by liver * most are transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluable vitamins
28
Who makes most of the plasma proteins and secretes them into the blood?
* The liver
29
gamma proteins
* Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
30
Fibrinogen
* 4% of plasma proteins * produced by liver * forms fibrin threads of a blood clot
31
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood
* by-products of cellular metabolism * urea, uric acid, creatinine and amonium salts
32
Organic nutrients in blood
* Materials absorbed by digestive tract and transported for use through out the body; glucose and other simple carbohydrates, amino acids (protein digestion products), fatty acids gylcerol and trigylcerides (fat digestion products), cholesterol and vitamins
33
Respiratory gases in the blood
* Oxygen and carbon dioxide * oxygen is bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs * Carbondioxide is transported dissolved as bicarbonate ion or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
34
Hemacrit
* aka. (hct) * measures percent of RBCs in blood * hct is always given in % * Normal hct 40-45%
35
Low hct
* Anemia
36
High hct
* polycythemia; can be caused by bone marrow cancer or visiting high altitude
37
blood is ________ with a ___________ taste.
* Sticky (glucose) * Metallic (iron)
38
blood is ________ and has a pH of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Alkaline * 7.35 - 7.45
39
What tempreature is blood?
* 100.4 F
40
how much of your body weight does blood account for?
* 8%
41
What is the shape and function of RBCs?
* round biconcave * carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
42
what is so special about mature red blood cells?
* They are Anucleate (no nucleus)
43
RBCs contain the gobular protein \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Hemoglobin
44
RBCs _________ they constantly need to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Die quickly * replenished
45
how often are RBCs replenished?
* Every 120 days
46
Where does O2 bind to on the hemoglobin?
* heme
47
Hemoglobin contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* iron
48
Why is hemeglobin so important?
* more Hemoglobin (HB) more O2 * Hemeglobin can bind with oxygen which is necessary for cellular respiration
49
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind with?
* 4 molecules of O2
50
How many Hb molecules are in a RBC?
* millions
51
more Hb more \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Oxygen
52
Hb contains _____ that carries _________ and small amounts of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* iron * Oxygen * Carbon dioxide
53
RBCs do not use any of the oxygen they carry to make ATP why is this so?
* RBCs make ATP **anaerobically**
54
a decrease in RBCs means...
* a decrease in Hb which leads to Anemia
55
Why is hemoglobin so important?
* its the protein that carries O2 to tissues * each hemoglobin molecule cand bind 4 molecules of O2 * more Hb more oxygen * A decrease in RBCs, means less Hb which causes anemia.
56
Sickle cell anemia
* Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs * Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin which becomes sharp and sickle shaped under conditions where more oxygen is used by the body; occurs mainly in people of african descent
57
iron deficency anemia
* inadequate Hb in RBCs * Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (heavy menstural flow or bleeding ulcer) which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack Hb
58
Hemolytic anemia
* Decrease in RBC number * Lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infection (staph infection; MRSA)
59
Leukocytes
* White blood cells (WBCs) * Less in number than RBCs * defends body against disease * The only complete cells in blood (they have a nucleus and organelles) * Infection= doubling of WBCs in your blood
60
Leukocytosis
* high WBC count
61
Leukopenia
* low WBC count
62
platelets
* attach to site of injury and trigger blood clotting
63
What controls RBC production?
* A hormone released by the kidneys called erythropoitin (EPO)
64
small amounts of EPO are circulating in your blood at all times, why?
* you are constantly making new RBCs
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ play a major role in producing EPO.
* Kidneys
66
What happens if O2 levels in the blood become too low?
* Kidneys increase EPO production
67
How can EPO be misused and cause bodily damage?
* blood doping * Taking EPO will increase RBCs allowing more oxygen to be bound and used * This is dangerous because it increases the viscosity (thickness) of the blood which makes the heart work harder.
68
Erythropoiesis
* production of RBC * RBCs are produced in red bone marrow
69
Homeostasis of blood
* stimulus; low blood O2 carrying ability due to * Decreased RBC count * Decreased amount of hemoglobin * decreased avalibility of O2 * Kindney ( and liver to a smaller extent) release EPO * EPO stimulates red bone marroe * Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count * O2 carrying ability of the blood increases
70
Rupture of a blood vessel wall will initiate a series of events in order to maintain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* hemostasis; the stopping of blood flow, keeping amount of blood in the body stable.
71
hemostasis is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ___________ response that involves many \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Fast * Localized * Substances
72
What are the 3 major steps to hemostasis?
1. Vascular spasms 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
73
Vascular spasms
* Step one of hemostasis * vascular spasms occur; smooth muscle in blood vessel wallscontracts causing vasoconstriction.
74
Platelet plug formation
* second step in hemostasis * injury to lining of blood vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere to collagen fibers. * platelets release chemicals that make near by platelets sticky; platelet plug forms
75
Coagulation
* The third step in hemostasis * clotting factors in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with calcium ions to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin * Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets forming a clot.
76
Antigens
* Proteins on the plasma membrane of RBCs
77
Antibodies
* Proteins found in the plasma that will recognize and lyse foreign blood cells.
78
Hemostasis and homeostasis are 2 different things T/F
* True, hemostasis can be a part of homeostasis but they are not the same thing.
79
What kind of feed back mechanism is hemostasis?
* Positive feedback mechanism
80
Fibrin
* A protein that creates a mesh band-aid that traps RBCs and platelets
81
How many blood types are ther?
* 4
82
What are the 4 different blood types?
* A * B * AB * O
83
Antibodies ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _________ cells and foreign things in the blood for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Fight Infections * Marks * Destruction
84
Rh factor
* Named after Rhesus monkies in which this protein was first found * An Rh factor is a protein antigen that is found on RBCs * Its presence makes a blood type positive * A lack of Rh factor makes a blood type negative
85
Rhogam
* a medication
86
What kind of blood can AB blood types accept?
* A, B, AB and O * Universal recipiant
87
What kind of blood can B blood types accept?
* B and O
88
What type of blood can A blood types recieve?
* A or O
89
What type of Blood can O blood types recieve?
* Only O * Universal donor
90
Antibody and Antigen
* Antibody defends body * Antigensresist antibodies on RBCs
91
What antibodies do AB blood types have?
* None
92
What antibodies do A blood types have?
* Anti-B
93
What kind of antibodies do B blood types have?
* Anti-A
94
What kind of antibodies do O blood types have?
* Anti-A * Anti-B
95

Physiology (15 decks)

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