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Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A
  • The study of Hormones that control many different metabolic processes of the body
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2
Q

Definition of Hormone

A
  • chemical messengers secreted by glands into extracellular fluid carried via the blood to target organs.
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3
Q

Hormones target _______ of the body, their effects are ____________.

A
  • target most all cells of the body
  • their effects are widespread
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4
Q

What works togther with the endocrine system?

A
  • The Nervous system; the nervous system coordinates with the endocrine system
  • The nervous system sends out signals to glands causing them to secrete hormone
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5
Q

Definition of Target organ

A
  • A specific organ a hormone works on
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6
Q

What are the qualities of endocrine glands?

A
  1. Ductless
  2. Produce hormones
  3. Highly vascularized
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7
Q

What organs are considered true endocrine glands?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adreanal glands
  5. Pineal gland
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8
Q

What organs secrete hormone but are not considered true endocrine organs?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Gonads
  3. Placenta
  4. Pancreas
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9
Q

How far do hormones travel? How do hormones travel to their target organs?

A
  • Hormones travel long distances in the blood or lymph
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10
Q

What types of hormones do not ravel long distances?

A
  1. Autocrines
  2. Paracrines
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11
Q

What is an Autocrine? what is an example of an autocrine?

A
  • A chemical (hormone) that has an effect on the cell that produces it.
  • Example; cancer cells
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12
Q

What is a Paracrine? What is an example of a paracrine?

A
  • A paracrine is a locally acting chemical (hormone) that effect cells other than those that secrete the
  • Example; Neurons secreting neurotransmitters
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13
Q

True endocrine glands….

A
  • true endocrine glands only purpose is to make and secrete hormone
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14
Q

What are the chemical classifications of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid based
  2. Steroids
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15
Q

Amino acid based hormones include…

A
  • Amines
  • thyroxine
  • peptides
  • proteins
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16
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Are synthesized from cholesterol
  • Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids
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17
Q

Hormones will influence cells that have ________ for it; _________

A
  • Receptors
  • Target cells
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18
Q

Hormones act as molecular ______that activate the target cell to respond.

A
  • Messengers
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19
Q

The activation of a target cell by a hormone depends on 3 things

A
  1. Blood level of hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell
  3. Bonding affinity between the hormone and target cell
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20
Q

Can the number of recptors on/in target cells change? How?

A
  • Yes
  • Hormones influence the number of their receptors on or in a cell
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21
Q

Up-regulation

A
  • Target cells form more receptors in response to a hormone
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22
Q

Down-Regulation

A
  • Target cells decrease/reduce receptors in response to a hormone
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23
Q

What are the ways a hormone can change a target cell?

A
  1. Change plasma membrane permeability or potential
  2. stimulate synthesis of regulatory enzymes/proteins
  3. Activates/Deactivates enzymes
  4. Induces secretory activity
  5. Stimulates mitosis
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24
Q

Specific ______ have specific _______.

A
  • Hormones
  • Receptors
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25
The amount of receptors on a cell change \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* upon necessity
26
Hormones alter the rate at which \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* The cell creates proteins
27
Where do peptide hormones bind?
* on receptors on the **outside of a cell** causing a chemical reaction that triggers responses in cells
28
Where do steriod hormones bind?
* To receptors on the **inside of a cell**
29
how do steriod hormones work?
1. Steroid hormone **diffuses** through the plasma membrane and **binds** with an **intracellular receptor** 2. The **receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus** 3. The **receptor-hormone complex binds** to a **specific DNA region** 4. **Binding causes transcription of the gene to mRNA** 5. **mRNA directs protein synthesis**
30
How do peptide hormones work?
1. **Hormone binds** to **receptor on the outside of the cell** (Hormone is the **first messenger**) 2. **Receptor activates G protein** 3. G protein activates **Adenylate cyclase** 4. **Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP** (cAMP is the **second messenger**) 5. **cAMP activates protein Kinases**
31
What are they different ways endocrine glands can be stimulated to release hormones?
1. Humoral stimuli 2. Neural Stimuli 3. Hormonal stimuli
32
What is humoral stimuli? what is an example of it?
* When an endocrine gland secretes a hormone in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood to keep homeostasis * Glucagon release by pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose
33
What is neural stimuli? What is an example of it?
* Neurons stimulate hormone release * Contracting of smooth muscle in breast (expelling milk) in response to oxytocin which is stimulated by suckling.
34
Hormones have profound effects at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Low concentrations
35
Hormones circulate in the blood _______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Free * Bound
36
Concentrations of hormones in the blood at any given time depends on:
1. its rate of release 2. speed at which it is inactivated or removed from the body (kidneys and liver) 3. **Half-life**; The time ot takes to decrease the concentration of a given hormone by **Half**
37
How long does it take to see the effect of hormones?
* Seconds to Days
38
Duration of hormone action ranges from _______ to ________ depending on\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* 10 seconds * several hours * depending on the hormone
39
another name for the pituitary gland
Hypophysis
40
The Posterior gland has how many lobes? What are their names?
* 2 lobes * Posterior * Anterior
41
Posterior lobe of Pituitary
* Releases neurohormones, hormones that are made by neurons * It is not a true endocrine gland
42
Does the posterior pituitary make hormones?
* No; the hypothalamus makes hormones which are stored in the axon terminals of neurons in the posterior pituitary where they are released
43
Anterior lobe of the pituitary
* Made of glandular tissue * True endocrine gland * Acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus to release it hormones
44
How do Anterior pituitary hormones get realesed?
* Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones into **primary capillary plexus** * Hypothalamic hormones travel through **portal veins** to anterior pituitary where they **trigger the inhibition or release** of certain hormones made in the anterior pituitary * The glandular tissue in the anterior pituitary secretes hormones into the **secondary capillary plexus** in response to hypothalamic hormones * The hormones then enter **general circulation**
45
The adrenal medulla secretes ________ based hormones called _______ also known as _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Amino acid based hormones * Catecholamines * Epinephrine * Norepinephrine
46
Hormones involved in short term stress
* Epinephrine * Norepinephrine
47
How short term stress works
* Hypothalamus-----\> Spinal cord -----\> Adrenal Medulla ------\> catecholamines
48
Effects of short term stress
* Heart rate increases * Blood pressure increases * Bronchioles dialate * Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose into the blood * Blood flow changes; reducing digestive system activity and urine output * Metabolic rate increases
49
Hormones involved in Long Term stress
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone * Mineralocorticoids * Glucocorticoids
50
How Long term stress works
* Hypothalamus ----\> Anterior pituitary (corticotropic cells)-----\> Adrenal cortex * Corticotropic cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone * Adrenocorticotropic hormone's target is the adrenal cortex * Adrenal cortex releases steroid based hormones; mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
51
The adrenal cortex secretes _______ based hormones.
* Steroid based
52
Effects of Long term stress
* Kidneys retain sodium and water * Blood volume and blood pressure rise * Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy * Blood glucose increases * Immune system surpressed
53
What is another name for epinephrine?
* Adrenaline
54
Stress stimulates the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Hypothalamus
55
Tropic, Trophin, Trophic =
* Affinity/Attraction
56
Alpha cells of pancreas
* produce glucagon
57
Beta cells of the pancreas
* Produce insulin
58
The effects of glucagon and insulin are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Antagonistic
59
What is normal blood glucose?
* 90/100 mgs per mL of blood
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ allows glucose to pass through cells.
* Insulin
61
Dibetes Mellitus results when there is _______ or ________ of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Hyposecretion * Hypoactivity * Insulin
62
Type I diabetes results from ________ of insulin.
* Hyposecretion
63
Type II diabetes results from ________ of insulin.
* Hypoactivity
64
Hyposecretion of insulin
* not enogh insulin is being made to lower blood glucose
65
Hypoactivity of insulin
* Insulin resistance; beta cells are secreting insulin but the cells have become resistant to insulin resulting in hyperglycemia
66
without glucose cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What happens next?
* Starve * Body makes more glucose avaliable
67
Where does all this glucose go?
* stored as glycogen in liver first, then fat, then fat in the body * **leaves body through urine**
68
what will be used as an energy source if cells are unable to utilize glucose for energy?
* Fat
69
What is the problem with breaking down fats for energy?
* Fats and **metabolites** combine to make **ketone bodies** (acetocetic acid, acetone, etc.) * Ketones are acidic * The building up of ketones in the body **changes blood pH lowering it** (acidifying) * when the body is **overwhelmed with ketones** they **overflow into the urine** * **Too many ketones** in the body can lead to **ketoacidosis**
70
A metabolite is a ______ .
Side product
71
Ketons are mostly ________ made by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Acids * made by breaking down fat
72
Polydipsia
* Many drinks
73
Polyuria
* Urinate many times
74
when it comes to diabetes, polyuria happens because
* Sugar is leaving through the urine; water follows the glucose by **osmosis**.
75
-emia
* Related to the blood
76

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